Immunology Chapter 2: Immune System Cells and Organs
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of primary lymphoid organs?

  • To facilitate lymphocyte development and maturation (correct)
  • To provide nutrients to immune cells
  • To store leukocytes
  • To filter pathogens from the bloodstream

    • Which of the following describes true pathogens?

  • Pathogens that only cause disease in compromised hosts
  • Organisms capable of causing disease in healthy individuals (correct)
  • Microorganisms that do not trigger an immune response
  • Pathogens that cannot survive outside a laboratory

    • What is the primary function of the thymus in lymphocyte development?

  • Site for B-cell maturation
  • Filtering pathogens from lymph
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Maturation of T lymphocytes (correct)

    • What does virulence refer to regarding pathogens?

    <p>The intensity of the disease produced by pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary lymphoid organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding bone marrow is true?

    <p>It produces various blood cells including plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Engulf and destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO)?

    <p>Recognition and activation of lymphocytes by antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the spleen located?

    <p>Left abdominal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the ability of a pathogen to induce an immune response?

    <p>Immunogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about opportunistic pathogens is true?

    <p>They cause disease when they inhabit atypical body locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of swollen and painful lymph nodes usually indicate?

    <p>A reaction to an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hematopoiesis?

    <p>The production of blood cells during fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphoid organ?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lymphocyte maturation occurs primarily in the bone marrow?

    <p>B-cell maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lymph node play in the immune response?

    <p>It filters foreign pathogens and activates lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the spleen?

    <p>Production of immune cells to fight pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells represents the majority in lymph and lymph nodes?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tertiary lymphoid tissues play during an inflammatory response?

    <p>They import lymphoid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of a monocyte's nucleus?

    <p>Single lobed and kidney-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fetal life, what function does the spleen serve?

    <p>Production of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of circulating monocytes in the blood before they migrate to tissues?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main subpopulations of lymphocytes?

    <p>T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells differentiate from promonocytes after entering the bloodstream?

    <p>Mature monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes in the innate immune system?

    <p>They mark germs for detection and attract immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the adaptive immune system?

    <p>It targets specific pathogens more accurately after initial exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells are involved in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T helper cells in the adaptive immune system?

    <p>To activate other immune system cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory T cells improve the adaptive immune response?

    <p>They help the immune system remember specific pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer cells are primarily responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Identifying and destroying infected or tumorous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of the immune response involving both germs and immune cells?

    <p>Formation of pus due to decaying cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature do T cells possess that allows them to identify pathogens?

    <p>They have surfaces with unique detection features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the multiplication of T cells?

    <p>Attachment of a pathogen to a matching T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of B cells once activated?

    <p>To produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for recognizing self and non-self entities in the immune system?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do secondary lymphoid organs primarily provide?

    <p>Sites for lymphocyte activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a beneficial effect of the immune system?

    <p>Protection from invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells have greater killing power but a shorter lifespan compared to macrophages?

    <p>Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurs to some activated B cells after their role in an immune response?

    <p>They become memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogens do the immune system primarily protect against?

    <p>Both intracellular and extracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary immunological function of macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change occurs during the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages?

    <p>Increase in phagocytic ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

    <p>They kill large parasites through hydrolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is involved in antigen presentation during the primary immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the nucleus of neutrophils?

    <p>Multilobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with basophils?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes granulocytic cells?

    <p>Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monocytes contribute to the adaptive immune response?

    <p>By presenting antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter Two: Organs and Cells of Immune System

    • The immune system is composed of various organs and tissues throughout the body
    • Learning Objectives: describe cells and organs of the immune system, lymphoid tissue, cells produced and key roles, morphology, source, and roles of macrophages, natural killer cells, cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, B lymphocytes and plasma cells.
    • Discuss the role of surface markers in cells involved with immunity, differentiating between T and B lymphocytes
    • Outline: Organs of the immune system and Cells of the immune system

    Organs of the Immune System

    • The immune system responds to infections through coordinated activities of innate and adaptive immune components. This approach detects, contains, kills, or expels infectious agents
    • Tertiary lymphoid tissues contain fewer lymphoid cells than secondary lymphoid organs, and can import lymphoid cells during inflammatory responses. Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT) are a prominent example
    • Primary lymphoid organs (PLO): provide appropriate microenvironments for lymphocyte development and maturation. Examples include thymus, bone marrow, and fetal liver
    • Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO): maintain and initiate adaptive immune responses. Examples include spleen and lymph nodes

    Cells of the Immune System

    • Lymphocytes: small, round cells found in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, and tissues. Represent 20-45% of total cells in peripheral blood and 99% of cells in lymph nodes
      • Lymphocytes are divided into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
    • Phagocytic cells: monocytes and macrophages - mononuclear phagocytic cells
      • Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells differentiate into promonocytes and neutrophils
      • Promonocytes leave the bone marrow, enter the bloodstream, and mature into monocytes. Monocytes circulate in the blood for approximately 8 hours before entering tissues and differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells.
      • Monocytes are single-lobed with kidney-shaped nuclei, measuring 12-15µm in size.
      • Macrophages: monocytes that migrate to tissues and differentiate
      • Differentiation involves cell enlargement 5-10 fold, increased intracellular granules, increased phagocytic ability, and production of higher levels of hydrolytic enzymes and cytokines
      • Macrophages have immunological functions like phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells, secretion of granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factors, secretion of lymphokines to activate inflammatory responses
    • Granulocytic cells:
      • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
      • Neutrophils: 11-14µm in diameter, multilobed nuclei, prominent granules; constitute 50-70% of circulating leukocytes; phagocytic role in acute inflammatory response
      • Eosinophils: 11-15µm, heavily granulated, bilobed nucleus; contain hydrolytic enzymes that kill parasites too large to be phagocytized by neutrophils; involved in allergic inflammation
      • Basophils: non-phagocytic cells with prominent basophilic granules containing histamine, heparin, serotonin, and hydrolytic enzymes; function in providing anaphylactic allergic reactions
    • Dendritic cells: have long cytoplasmic extensions resembling nerve cell dendrites, highly pleomorphic, small central bodies, and needle-like processes. Function as antigen-presenting cells in primary immune response and have little role in phagocytosis

    Innate and Adaptive Immune Response

    • The immune system reduces harmful impacts of infectious agents through coordinated activities of innate and adaptive immune components
    • Innate responses detect, target, contain, kill, or expel infectious agents
    • Immune resistance helps minimize the amount of dysfunction imposed by infection on host tissues

    Innate Immune System

    • Innate is the body's first line of defense to invading germs. It responds to germs quickly in the same way to all pathogens.
      • Protection offered by skin and mucous membranes.
      • Protecting outer/inner body surfaces as a physical barrier to germs.
      • Chemical barriers like acid, enzymes, or mucus inhibit germs from foothold
      • Germ movements stopped through hair-like structures or body fluids like sweat or tears
      • Immune cells move to the pathogens. This causes the pathogen site to swell; heat up; and redden
      • Blood vessels expand which brings immune cells to the infection; phagocytic cells; natural killer cells
      • Phagocytic cells engulf and digest germs. Adaptive immune system recognizes these digested remains.
      • Immune system cells and proteins release substances to cause the death of both germs and immune cells. This forms pus.

    Adaptive Immune System

    • The adaptive immune system takes over if the innate immune system fails to destroy pathogens. It targets specific pathogens.
      • It is slower than innate immunity.
      • Can remember pathogens (meaning the response is faster upon a subsequent infection by the same germ)
      • T lymphocytes
      • B lymphocytes
      • Antibodies (found in the blood and body fluids)

    Summary of Immune System Cells and Organs

    • Lymphocytes are the key cells for the immune system, displaying specificity, diversity, memory, and self/non-self recognition.
    • Primary lymphoid organs are sites where lymphocytes mature and become antigenically committed
    • Secondary lymphoid organs capture antigens and provide sites for lymphocyte activation by interaction with antigens.

    Function of the Immune System

    • Protection from pathogens (intracellular—viruses, some bacteria, parasites and extracellular—most bacteria, fungi, parasites)
    • Elimination of altered self.

    Effects of Immune System

    • Beneficial: protection from invaders and elimination of altered self
    • Detrimental: discomfort and collateral damage, and damage to self

    Immune Cell Development

    • Diagrams depicting various stages of development from stem cells to mature immune cells, along with the different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) This information is for study purposes only and does not substitute medical advice from a qualified medical practitioner.

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    Chapter 2 Organs and Cells of Immune System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate world of the immune system in Chapter Two, focusing on the various organs and cells that play vital roles in immunity. This quiz will assess your understanding of lymphoid tissue, macrophages, lymphocytes, and the functions they perform. Delve into the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and the significance of surface markers in immune responses.

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