Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a strategy used by the innate immune system to respond to infection?
Which of the following is a strategy used by the innate immune system to respond to infection?
Complement proteins can stimulate macrophages to engulf bacteria.
Complement proteins can stimulate macrophages to engulf bacteria.
True
What role do histamines play in the immune response?
What role do histamines play in the immune response?
Histamines cause vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, and attract immune cells.
Lysozymes are found in ______ and help to lyse microbial cells.
Lysozymes are found in ______ and help to lyse microbial cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following immune responses with their descriptions:
Match the following immune responses with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the immune system is present from birth and provides a non-specific fast response?
Which part of the immune system is present from birth and provides a non-specific fast response?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of fever is to lower the body's temperature to inhibit pathogen growth.
The primary purpose of fever is to lower the body's temperature to inhibit pathogen growth.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ are important cells involved in non-specific phagocytosis during the innate immune response.
The __________ are important cells involved in non-specific phagocytosis during the innate immune response.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following immune responses or cells to their descriptions:
Match the following immune responses or cells to their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What role do immunosuppressive medications play in organ transplants?
What role do immunosuppressive medications play in organ transplants?
Signup and view all the answers
The mucociliary escalator functions to trap and remove pathogens from the lungs.
The mucociliary escalator functions to trap and remove pathogens from the lungs.
Signup and view all the answers
What chemical is responsible for resetting the body's temperature during fever?
What chemical is responsible for resetting the body's temperature during fever?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
The innate immune response is specific and has memory.
The innate immune response is specific and has memory.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of interferon?
What is the primary function of interferon?
Signup and view all the answers
Kinins are polypeptides derived from plasma proteins that cause __________.
Kinins are polypeptides derived from plasma proteins that cause __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following immune components with their primary effects:
Match the following immune components with their primary effects:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly describes the cell-mediated response?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the cell-mediated response?
Signup and view all the answers
Pyrogens stimulate the production of fever.
Pyrogens stimulate the production of fever.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary origin of T lymphocytes is the __________.
The primary origin of T lymphocytes is the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a benefit of fever?
Which of the following is a benefit of fever?
Signup and view all the answers
Natural killer cells are a type of specific immune response cell.
Natural killer cells are a type of specific immune response cell.
Signup and view all the answers
What do macrophages and neutrophils primarily do?
What do macrophages and neutrophils primarily do?
Signup and view all the answers
Paracetamol reduces the amount of __________ produced, thus lowering fever.
Paracetamol reduces the amount of __________ produced, thus lowering fever.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the immune cells with their basic function:
Match the immune cells with their basic function:
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the process of phagocytosis in macrophages?
What initiates the process of phagocytosis in macrophages?
Signup and view all the answers
All nucleated cells have MHC-2 receptors.
All nucleated cells have MHC-2 receptors.
Signup and view all the answers
What types of molecules do natural killer cells produce to destroy target cells?
What types of molecules do natural killer cells produce to destroy target cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system is a complex biological system that protects the body from harmful invaders
- It has two parts, innate and acquired immunity
Innate Immunity
- Present from birth
- Fast-acting, non-specific response
- First line of defense
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
- Develops over time
- Specific to particular invaders
- Slower response than innate immunity
- Powerful, has memory
Defence Mechanisms of Skin and Epithelium
- Skin and airways have physical barriers to infection
- Skin contains sweat and sebaceous glands to secrete fatty acids inhibiting bacterial growth
- These protective mechanisms are a first line of defense against infection
Mucociliary Escalator
- Physical defense against pathogens entering the lungs
- Mucus traps inhaled particles
- Cilia move mucus towards the pharynx
Function of the Immune System
- Immune system has crucial role in defending against pathogens
- Key function is to identify and eliminate various pathogens (bacteria, viruses etc)
Autoimmune Diseases
- Immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues and organs
- Examples include rheumatoid arthritis
Organ Transplants
- Transplanted organs are at risk of rejection by the recipient's immune system
- Immunosuppressive medications are needed to prevent organ rejection
Chemicals Involved in Innate Immunity
- Surface chemicals (e.g. lysozyme, sebum, HCl) attack microbes or inhibit their growth
- Histamine- causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and stimulates gland secretions.
- Kinins- causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and stimulates pain receptors.
- Interferons- interferes with virus production and infection
- Complement- increases vascular permeability, stimulates the release of histamine, activates kinins, lysis cells, promotes phagocytosis, attracts neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and eosinophils.
- Prostaglandins- causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and stimulates pain receptors.
- Leukotrienes- causes prolonged smooth muscle contraction, especially in lung bronchioles, increases vascular permeability, and attracts neutrophils and eosinophils.
- Pyrogens- release by neutrophils, monocytes and other cells that stimulate fever production.
Inflammation
- Four cardinal signs are heat, redness, swelling, and pain
- Mechanism involves vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, attracting neutrophils/monocytes etc. and phagocytosis
- Plays an important role in the overall immune response by removing microbes.
Fever
- An elevated body temperature caused by pyrogens acting on the hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus functions as a thermoregulatory center
- Mediated by prostaglandin E2
- Antipyretics can reduce fever
Benefits and Cost of Fever
- Benefits include enhanced leukocyte activity and reduced bacterial growth
- Costs might involve brain damage and general unwellness
Non-Specific Phagocytosis
- Cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells) eliminate pathogens via phagocytosis
- These cells have receptors (PRRs) to bind to pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs)
Natural Killer Cells
- A type of lymphocyte, they are non-specific immune cells
- Identify and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells
- Using perforins and granzymes for cell lysis
Complement
- Series of 20 proteins circulating in the blood
- Activated complement proteins create holes in bacterial membranes leading to cell lysis
- Stimulate macrophages, attract immune cells and promote inflammation.
Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
- Specific immune response against a particular pathogen
- Two major responses (Humoral and Cell Mediated) Two categories of adaptive immunity
- Humoral (antibody-mediated)
- Cell-mediated
Humoral Response
- Involves B lymphocytes and antibody production
- Antibodies bind to antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction.
Cell-Mediated Response
- Involves T lymphocytes targeting and destroying infected cells
- T cells (e.g. helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells) are an essential component
- T cells aid in the innate response, by attracting more immune cells to the site
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the intricate workings of the immune system, including the vital roles of innate and acquired immunity. This quiz covers the physical barriers of skin and epithelium, as well as the mucociliary escalator's defense mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to protect the body against pathogens.
