68 Questions
The first ____________________ to be produced is Ig M, followed by Ig G.
immunoglobulin
IgM is effective at immobilizing antigen and ____________________ the classical pathway of complement.
activating
IgG makes up the greatest amount of ____________________ in the serum, with a percentage of 75%.
immunoglobulin
IgE is present on the surface of ____________________ and eosinophils.
mast cells
IgA is known as the ____________________ component and is found in mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions.
secretory
Early in serological testing, we should test for ____________________, and later we should test for IgG.
IgM
CD8 T cells are primarily responsible for ______________ infected cells.
lysing
T Helper cells, also known as CD4 cells, play a crucial role in the activation of ______________ and cytotoxic cells.
memory B cells
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are produced by ______________ cells.
B
The humoral response involves the production of ______________ in response to a given antigen.
antibodies
There are five different ______________ of immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE.
isotypes
The variable region of an antibody gives it ______________ for binding antigen.
specificity
Antibodies function to ______________ antigens, rendering them harmless.
immobilize
The constant region of an antibody determines the ______________ used to destroy antigen.
mechanism
The immune system distinguishes cells that belong within the body (_____) from those that do not (nonself).
self
An _______ is a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism.
antigen
Each _______ has at least two identical sites that bind antigen: Antigen binding sites.
antibody
Innate immunity is characterized by early, rapid responses, but limited and _______.
non-specific
Adaptive immunity is characterized by _______ and memory.
specificity
Lymphocytes, including B cells and T cells, are responsible for _______ immunity.
adaptive
The _______ immune response involves the production of antibodies by B cells.
humoral
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are another name for _______.
antibodies
What is the primary function of B cells?
To secrete soluble substances known as antibodies
What is the name of the 'Y' shaped glycoprotein secreted by B cells?
Immunoglobulin
What determines the specificity of an antibody for binding antigen?
Variable region
What is the function of the constant region of an antibody?
To determine the mechanism used to destroy antigen
What is the result of antibody binding to antigen?
Immobilization of antigen and rendering it harmless
What is the primary immune response characterized by?
Production of a little immunoglobulin
What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?
To neutralize, phagocytose, and opsonize antigens
What is the function of immunoglobulins in the humoral response?
To bind to antigens and render them harmless
What is the primary function of antibodies produced by B cells?
To recognize and bind to a particular antigen
What is the term for the part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody?
Epitope
What type of immunity is characterized by early, rapid responses, but limited and non-specific?
Innate immunity
What is the term for the proteins produced by B cells in response to exposure to an antigen?
Immunoglobulins
What is the term for the ability of the immune system to distinguish between cells that belong within the body and those that do not?
Self-nonself discrimination
What is the term for a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism?
Antigen
How many identical sites do each antibody have that bind antigen?
Two
What type of immunity is characterized by specificity and memory?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of B-cells in the adaptive immune response?
To produce antibodies in response to antigens
What is the result of B-cell activation in the adaptive immune response?
Production of antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens
What is the role of B-cells in humoral immunity?
To produce antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens
What is the process by which B-cells mature and become antibody-producing cells?
Differentiation into plasma cells
What is the primary function of T-cells in the adaptive immune response?
To recognize and respond to viral infections
What is the result of T-cell activation in the adaptive immune response?
Recognition and response to viral infections
What is the role of T-cells in cell-mediated immunity?
To recognize and respond to viral infections
What is the process by which T-cells mature and become functional?
Maturation in the thymus
What is the primary function of IgM?
To immobilize antigen and activate the classical pathway of complement
What is the characteristic of IgG?
It makes up the greatest amount of immunoglobulin in the serum
What is the function of IgE?
To allow the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators
What is the characteristic of IgA?
It is found in mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions
What is the importance of IgM in serological testing?
It is tested early in serological testing
What is the function of IgG in the immune response?
To opsonize and activate complement
What is the primary function of CD8 T cells?
Lysis of infected cells and cancer cells
What is the main function of T helper cells?
To activate memory B cells and cytotoxic cells
What is the structure of an antibody?
A four-chain protein divided into two heavy chains and two light chains
What is the role of the variable region of an antibody?
To give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen
What is the primary immune response characterized by?
A weak and delayed response to a given antigen
What is the function of immunoglobulin A (IgA)?
To act as a secretory component in mucosal surfaces
What is the role of antibodies in the humoral response?
To bind to antigens and render them harmless
What determines the immunoglobulin isotype or class?
The heavy chain isotype
What is the primary function of B cells in the adaptive immune response?
To produce antibodies and recognize antigens
What is the term for the part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody?
Epitope
What is the characteristic of adaptive immunity?
Take time but powerful and specific
What is the function of the variable region of an antibody?
Determines the antigen-binding site
What is the term for proteins produced by B cells in response to exposure to an antigen?
Immunoglobulins
What is the primary function of T cells in the adaptive immune response?
To recognize and eliminate infected cells
How many identical sites do each antibody have that bind antigen?
Two
What is the term for the ability of the immune system to distinguish between cells that belong within the body and those that do not?
Immune recognition
Study Notes
T Cells
- Cytotoxic CD8: lyse infected cells and kill cancer cells
- T Helper Cells CD4: activate memory B cells and cytotoxic cells
- Delayed hypersensitivity: release cytokines, triggering an inflammatory response
- Cellular immunity is against intracellular infections
Humoral Response
- Antibodies produced in response to a given antigen from B-lymphocytes
- Effective against extracellular bacteria (most bacteria)
- Limited role against intracellular infections
B Cells
- Work chiefly by secreting soluble substances known as antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins
- Called Plasma cells when they secrete antibodies
Antibody (Ab) Basic Structure
- "Y" shaped glycoprotein consists of a four-chain structure
- Divided into two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bonds
Isotypes of Immunoglobulin
- Heavy chain isotypes determine immunoglobulin isotype or class: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE
- Variable region gives the antibody its specificity for binding antigen
- Constant region determines the mechanism used to destroy antigen
Antibody Functions
- Bind to antigens to immobilize them, render them harmless
- "Tag" the antigen for destruction and removal by other components of the immune system
- Neutralization, Phagocytosis, and Opsonization
Immunoglobulin
- Primary immune response: first exposure to a particular antigen produces little immunoglobulin
- First Ig produced is IgM, followed by IgG
- IgM is effective at immobilizing antigen (agglutination) and activating the classical pathway of complement
- IgG makes up the greatest amount of immunoglobulin (75%) in the serum, effective in activating complement and opsonizing
- IgG can cross the placenta
IgE
- Present in relatively low serum concentration
- Found on the surface of mast cells and eosinophils
- Activation allows the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, leading to immediate hypersensitivity (Allergic) responses
IgA
- Known as the secretory component
- Found in mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions
- More IgA is produced daily than all the other Ig
Immunity
- Definition: The immune system distinguishes cells that belong within the body (self) from those that do not (nonself)
Antigen
- Definition: A substance that is capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism
- A "self" component may be considered an antigen even though one does not generally make immune responses against those components
Epitope
- Small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody (10-12 amino acids)
- Any given antigen may have several epitopes
- Each epitope is recognized by a different antibody
T Cell Functions
- Cytotoxic CD8 cells: lyse infected cells and cancer cells
- T Helper CD4 cells: activate memory B cells and cytotoxic cells
- Delayed hypersensitivity: release cytokines, triggering an inflammatory response
- Cellular immunity is effective against intracellular infections
Humoral Response
- Antibodies are produced in response to a given antigen from B-lymphocytes
- Effective against extracellular bacteria, but limited against intracellular infections
B Cells and Antibodies
- B cells work chiefly by secreting soluble substances known as antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins
- Antibody basic structure: "y" shaped glycoprotein consisting of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains linked by disulfide bonds
- Isotypes of Immunoglobulin: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE
- Variable region of antibody gives specificity for binding antigen
- Constant region determines the mechanism used to destroy antigen
Antibody Functions
- Bind to antigens, immobilizing and rendering them harmless
- Tag antigens for destruction and removal by other immune system components
- Neutralization, phagocytosis, and opsonization
Immune Response
- Primary immune response: little immunoglobulin produced, slow response
- Innate immunity: rapid response, no memory, no specificity
- Adaptive immunity: slow response, memory, highly specific
- Types of adaptive immunity: passive and active
Adaptive Immune System
- Definition: ability of the body to modify the immune response and develop memory
- 1st infection → memory → 2nd infection: slow response → fast response
- Pathogen proliferate → disease → symptoms → pathogen killed → no disease → no symptoms
Cells Responsible for Adaptive Immunity
- Lymphocytes are wholly responsible for specific immune recognition of pathogens
- Lymphocytes are derived from bone-marrow stem cells
- B-lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus
- Cell-mediated immunity (T-cells) and humoral immunity (B-cells)
Immunity
- Definition: the immune system distinguishes between self and non-self
- Antigen: a substance capable of inducing an immune response
- Epitope: a small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody
T Cells
- Cytotoxic CD 8: responsible for lysing cells and killing infected and cancer cells
- T Helper Cells CD 4: activate memory B cells and cytotoxic cells, and trigger an inflammatory response by releasing cytokines
Humoral Response
- Antibodies produced in response to an antigen from B-lymphocytes
- Effective against extracellular bacteria (most bacteria), but limited against intracellular infections
B Cells
- Secrete soluble substances known as antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins
- Antibodies are "y" shaped glycoproteins consisting of four chains: two identical heavy (H) chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bonds
Antibody Structure
- Variable region gives the antibody specificity for binding antigen
- Variable region includes the ends of the light and heavy chains
- Heavy chain isotypes determine immunoglobulin isotype or class: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE
Antibody Functions
- Bind to antigens to immobilize them and render them harmless
- "Tag" the antigen for destruction and removal by other components of the immune system
- Functions include neutralization, phagocytosis, and opsonization
Immunoglobulins
- Primary immune response: first exposure to a particular antigen produces little immunoglobulin
- IgM is the first immunoglobulin to be produced, followed by IgG
- IgM is effective at immobilizing antigen (agglutination) and activating the classical pathway of complement
- IgG makes up the greatest amount of immunoglobulin (75%) in the serum and is effective in activating complement and opsonizing
- IgG can cross the placenta
- IgE is present in relatively low serum concentration and is involved in immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) responses
- IgA is found in mucus, saliva, tears, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions and is produced daily in greater amounts than all other Ig
Immunity
- Definition: the immune system distinguishes between cells that belong within the body (self) and those that do not (nonself)
- Types of immunity: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity
Innate Immunity
- Characterized by: no previous stimulation, non-specific, no memory, and limited diversity
- Types of innate immunity: anatomical barriers (skin), mechanical, and biochemical
Epitope
- A small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody, typically 10-12 amino acids
- Any given antigen may have several epitopes
- Each epitope is recognized by a different antibody
Learn about the main functions of T cells, including cytotoxic CD8 and T helper cells CD4, and how they contribute to cellular immunity. Also, understand the role of humoral response in producing antibodies.
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