Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first line of defense in the body?
What is the first line of defense in the body?
Which process involves the movement of certain cells to the site of an injury?
Which process involves the movement of certain cells to the site of an injury?
Vascular response aims to __________________ by inducing vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability.
Vascular response aims to __________________ by inducing vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability.
Which step is NOT part of the three steps for successful cellular response?
Which step is NOT part of the three steps for successful cellular response?
Signup and view all the answers
Cellular adherence is the ____________________ which are regulated by inflammatory mediators and receptors that bind leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells near the site of injury.
Cellular adherence is the ____________________ which are regulated by inflammatory mediators and receptors that bind leukocytes to the surface of endothelial cells near the site of injury.
Signup and view all the answers
What are chemotactic factors?
What are chemotactic factors?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the cardinal signs of local acute inflammation?
What are the cardinal signs of local acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an initial treatment principle for acute inflammation?
Which of the following is an initial treatment principle for acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does RICE stand for in nonpharmacologic treatments for inflammation?
What does RICE stand for in nonpharmacologic treatments for inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase of tissue repair involves sealing/covering the wound by releasing platelets, constricting blood vessels, and forming a thrombus?
Which phase of tissue repair involves sealing/covering the wound by releasing platelets, constricting blood vessels, and forming a thrombus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common anti-inflammatory medication mentioned in the text?
What is a common anti-inflammatory medication mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Which complication of healing results in deficient scar formation that splits open at suture lines?
Which complication of healing results in deficient scar formation that splits open at suture lines?
Signup and view all the answers
Common anti-inflammatory medications listed in the book include Aspirin, NSAIDS (ibuprofen, naproxen), and Glucocorticoids (prednisone).
Common anti-inflammatory medications listed in the book include Aspirin, NSAIDS (ibuprofen, naproxen), and Glucocorticoids (prednisone).
Signup and view all the answers
_____ are nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances, are regulated by macrophages, and are a result of chronic inflammation
_____ are nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances, are regulated by macrophages, and are a result of chronic inflammation
Signup and view all the answers
______ are a complication of healing which are fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely. These are high risk for those with abdominal surgery because the collagen fibers connect to the bowel, bladder, and ovaries for example.
______ are a complication of healing which are fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely. These are high risk for those with abdominal surgery because the collagen fibers connect to the bowel, bladder, and ovaries for example.
Signup and view all the answers
______ are a complication of healing which are hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site. These are common in those with darker skin as well as those between 10 and
30 years old with family history.
______ are a complication of healing which are hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site. These are common in those with darker skin as well as those between 10 and 30 years old with family history.
Signup and view all the answers
_______ is a complication of healing which are circumscribed, open, craterlike lesions of the skin or mucous membranes and are necrotic. These are also resistant to healing due to poor perfusion and is common in gastritis.
_______ is a complication of healing which are circumscribed, open, craterlike lesions of the skin or mucous membranes and are necrotic. These are also resistant to healing due to poor perfusion and is common in gastritis.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ is a complication of healing which refers to an invasion by microorganisms and is promoted by destruction of the first line of defense as well as poor inflammatory and immune response.
_____ is a complication of healing which refers to an invasion by microorganisms and is promoted by destruction of the first line of defense as well as poor inflammatory and immune response.
Signup and view all the answers
A patient presents to the ER with redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function of their right leg. In addition to that, the patient has fever, malaise, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and weakness. What is the patient suffering from?
A patient presents to the ER with redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function of their right leg. In addition to that, the patient has fever, malaise, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and weakness. What is the patient suffering from?
Signup and view all the answers
Patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic respiratory allergies are at higher risk for sinusitis because of chronic nasal inflammation, changes in mucus, and mucociliary clearance issues.
Patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic respiratory allergies are at higher risk for sinusitis because of chronic nasal inflammation, changes in mucus, and mucociliary clearance issues.
Signup and view all the answers
The most frequently implicated viruses that cause sinusitis are rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, and the influenza A and B viruses.
The most frequently implicated viruses that cause sinusitis are rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, and the influenza A and B viruses.
Signup and view all the answers
Inflammation is treatment by long-term use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or immune-modifying drugs as well as the use of heat/cold, immobilization, dietary changes, exercise/PT, and rest.
Inflammation is treatment by long-term use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or immune-modifying drugs as well as the use of heat/cold, immobilization, dietary changes, exercise/PT, and rest.
Signup and view all the answers
In the _______ phase of tissue repair, functional integrity is restored (by resolution, repairing, and regeneration) and Remodeling is done (by maturation of cells and degradation of provisional matrix).
In the _______ phase of tissue repair, functional integrity is restored (by resolution, repairing, and regeneration) and Remodeling is done (by maturation of cells and degradation of provisional matrix).
Signup and view all the answers
In the _______ phase of tissue repair, restoring structural integrity includes provisional matrix (granulation tissue) and rebuilding extracellular matrix (basement membrane / connective tissue).
In the _______ phase of tissue repair, restoring structural integrity includes provisional matrix (granulation tissue) and rebuilding extracellular matrix (basement membrane / connective tissue).
Signup and view all the answers
In the proliferative phase of tissue repair, Cleaning the debris includes Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, and removing necrotic tissue.
In the proliferative phase of tissue repair, Cleaning the debris includes Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, and removing necrotic tissue.
Signup and view all the answers
The second line of defense is the _______response and includes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability which causes redness (erythema) and swelling. Also, phagocytes move in to engulf and destroy harmful substances.
The second line of defense is the _______response and includes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability which causes redness (erythema) and swelling. Also, phagocytes move in to engulf and destroy harmful substances.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the immune response in the body?
What is the role of the immune response in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the systemic manifestations related to the inflammatory response as mentioned in the text?
What are the systemic manifestations related to the inflammatory response as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What does CRP stand for and what is its significance according to the text?
What does CRP stand for and what is its significance according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the goal of cellular response during acute inflammation?
What is the goal of cellular response during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of proteinases as mentioned in the text?
What is the main function of proteinases as mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
The proliferative phase of tissue repair includes Cleaning the debris and restoring structural integrity.
The proliferative phase of tissue repair includes Cleaning the debris and restoring structural integrity.
Signup and view all the answers
Patient education for inflammation AFTER the RICE method has been implemented include application of heat, increased movement, hydration, and healthy diet.
Patient education for inflammation AFTER the RICE method has been implemented include application of heat, increased movement, hydration, and healthy diet.
Signup and view all the answers
In addition to 12+ weeks of symptoms, in order to receive a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, the patient must display two of these symptoms: mucopurulent drainage, nasal obstruction, Facial pain/pressure/fullness, hyposmia (reduced smell) and must be accompanied by chronic inflammation resulting in either purulent mucus or edema in the middle meatus or ethmoid region or polyps. These are confirmed by the presence of mucosal thickening, changes to the surrounding bones, and/or changes in air–fluid levels visualized via CT scan.
In addition to 12+ weeks of symptoms, in order to receive a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, the patient must display two of these symptoms: mucopurulent drainage, nasal obstruction, Facial pain/pressure/fullness, hyposmia (reduced smell) and must be accompanied by chronic inflammation resulting in either purulent mucus or edema in the middle meatus or ethmoid region or polyps. These are confirmed by the presence of mucosal thickening, changes to the surrounding bones, and/or changes in air–fluid levels visualized via CT scan.
Signup and view all the answers
A patient presents to the ER with congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, foul breath, low-grade fever, chronic cough, Hyposmia (reduced smell), and facial fullness or pain. What does the nurse suspect?
A patient presents to the ER with congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, foul breath, low-grade fever, chronic cough, Hyposmia (reduced smell), and facial fullness or pain. What does the nurse suspect?
Signup and view all the answers
A patient presents to the ER stating that their face hurts when they bend down, plus they have fever, congestion, nasal discharge, persistent cough, and fatigue. They also have had an upper respiratory infection for over 10 days. What does the nurse suspect?
A patient presents to the ER stating that their face hurts when they bend down, plus they have fever, congestion, nasal discharge, persistent cough, and fatigue. They also have had an upper respiratory infection for over 10 days. What does the nurse suspect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common risk factor for chronic sinusitis mentioned in the text?
What is a common risk factor for chronic sinusitis mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
How long must inflammation last for a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis according to the text?
How long must inflammation last for a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis according to the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a treatment option for acute sinusitis mentioned in the text?
What is a treatment option for acute sinusitis mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum recommended duration for using nasal sprays like oxymetazoline hydrochloride to treat sinusitis?
What is the maximum recommended duration for using nasal sprays like oxymetazoline hydrochloride to treat sinusitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic tool is NOT mentioned in the text for diagnosing sinusitis?
Which diagnostic tool is NOT mentioned in the text for diagnosing sinusitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Nasal sprays that promote vasoconstriction, such as oxymetazoline hydrochloride, can be used to treat sinusitis.
Nasal sprays that promote vasoconstriction, such as oxymetazoline hydrochloride, can be used to treat sinusitis.
Signup and view all the answers
To treat chronic sinusitis, the patient may need a combination of glucocorticoids (oral or topical through nasal spray), antibiotics, nasal irrigation and if needed surgery.
To treat chronic sinusitis, the patient may need a combination of glucocorticoids (oral or topical through nasal spray), antibiotics, nasal irrigation and if needed surgery.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Defense Mechanisms
- The first line of defense is the skin and mucous membranes, including blinking, lashes, tears, enzymes in tears, and intact surrounding skin.
- The second line of defense is the inflammatory response, which includes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, causing redness and swelling.
- The third line of defense is the immune response, where immune cells recognize and destroy harmful substances.
Inflammatory Response
- The inflammatory response has two main goals: vascular response and cellular response.
- Vascular response increases blood flow to the site of injury by inducing vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability.
- Cellular response alerts the products of healing to attend to the site of injury.
- The three steps needed for successful cellular response are: chemotaxis, cellular adherence, and cellular migration.
- Chemotaxis is the process of moving certain cells to the injury site.
- Cellular adherence is the attraction and binding of blood cells, regulated by inflammatory mediators and receptors.
- Chemotactic factors are substances that attract specific types of cells.
Manifestations of Inflammation
- Local manifestations of acute inflammation are referred to as the cardinal signs and include erythema (redness), heat, edema (swelling), pain, and incapacitation (loss of function).
- Systemic manifestations related to the inflammatory response include pyrexia (fever), leukocytosis (an elevation in WBCs), and a higher percentage of circulating plasma proteins.
Treatment of Inflammation
- Initial treatment principles for acute inflammation include reducing blood flow to the area, decreasing swelling, blocking the action of mediators, and decreasing pain.
- Non-pharmacologic treatments for inflammation initially include RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation).
- Patient education for inflammation after the RICE method has been implemented includes application of heat, increased movement, hydration, and healthy diet.
- Common anti-inflammatory medications include aspirin, NSAIDS (ibuprofen, naproxen), and glucocorticoids (prednisone).
Tissue Repair
- The inflammatory phase of tissue repair includes the acute inflammatory response, which seals/covers the wound by releasing platelets, constricting blood vessels, and forming a thrombus.
- The proliferative phase of tissue repair includes cleaning the debris and restoring structural integrity.
- Cleaning the debris includes polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, and removing necrotic tissue.
- Restoring structural integrity includes provisional matrix (granulation tissue) and rebuilding extracellular matrix (basement membrane / connective tissue).
- The remodeling phase of tissue repair includes restoring functional integrity and remodeling.
Complications of Healing
- Infection is a complication of healing that refers to an invasion by microorganisms and is promoted by destruction of the first line of defense and poor inflammatory and immune response.
- Ulceration is a complication of healing that refers to circumscribed, open, crater-like lesions of the skin or mucous membranes and are necrotic.
- Dehiscence is a complication of healing that refers to deficient scar formations in which the wound splits open, often at a suture line.
- Keloids are a complication of healing that refer to hypertrophic scars resulting from excessive collagen production at the injury site.
- Adhesions are a complication of healing that refer to fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues.
- Granulomas are nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances, regulated by macrophages, and are a result of chronic inflammation.
Sinusitis
- Sinusitis can be diagnosed by physical exam, ESR, CRP, WBC, sinus radiographs, chest physiotherapy (Javian) and X-rays.
- Treatment for acute sinusitis includes time, antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays, and if there is an infection present, an antibiotic.
- Nasal sprays that promote vasoconstriction, such as oxymetazoline hydrochloride, can be used to treat sinusitis but should be used only up to 5 days.
- Chronic sinusitis is diagnosed when the inflammation lasts over 12 weeks.
- To treat chronic sinusitis, the patient may need a combination of glucocorticoids (oral or topical through nasal spray), antibiotics, nasal irrigation, and if needed, surgery.
- Cystic fibrosis and periodontitis are 2 common risk factors for chronic sinusitis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the body's defense mechanisms starting with the skin and mucous membranes, followed by the inflammatory response, and ending with the immune response. Learn about the roles of different cells and processes in protecting the body from harmful substances.
