28 Questions
What triggers the activation of leukocytes in immune responses?
Ligand-receptor interactions
Which factor determines the strength of interaction between a ligand and its receptor?
Shapes of receptors and ligands
In the context of the immune system, what are antigens recognized by?
Immune cells
Which molecules can antigens be composed of in the immune system?
Proteins and carbohydrates
What are antigens in the immune system considered as?
Targets of the immune response
What is the primary function of preformed receptors in the immune system?
To provide a rapid response to pathogens by recognizing conserved molecular patterns
Which of the following is NOT a type of preformed receptor in the immune system?
Somatically-Generated Receptors
What is the primary function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune response?
To detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger defensive responses
Which of the following factors is NOT known to influence the immunogenicity of an antigen?
pH of the environment
What is the primary difference between preformed receptors and somatically-generated receptors in the immune system?
Preformed receptors are part of the innate immune system, while somatically-generated receptors are part of the adaptive immune system
How do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to the immune response against pathogens?
TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger defensive responses, such as cytokine release and immune cell recruitment
What is the primary function of Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) found on Natural Killer (NK) cells?
To detect alterations in host cells infected or altered by virus
What is the primary function of Killer Inhibition Receptors (KIRs) found on Natural Killer (NK) cells?
To monitor the MHC class I molecules found on nucleated cells of the body
What is the role of complement receptors on phagocytic cells and B-lymphocytes?
To bind to complement proteins that have been activated and tag target cells for destruction
What is the primary role of the complement system in the immune response?
To attract immune cells and result in cell killing of target cells
How do host cells that are stressed (by cancer or viral infection) typically respond in terms of MHC class I molecule expression?
They decrease the number of MHC class I molecules on their surface
What is the significance of complement in transfusion medicine?
Complement is particularly important in the immune response to transfused cells or products
Which of the following statements about epitopes or antigenic determinants is correct?
They are the smallest part of an antigen that reacts with immune receptors.
What is the characteristic of immunogens?
They are antigens that can induce an immune response and can react with the products of the immune response.
What happens when there is subsequent exposure to an immunogen?
It leads to a heightened secondary response by the adaptive immune system.
Which of the following statements about haptens is correct?
Haptens are small molecules that cannot induce an immune response but can react with the products of the immune response when coupled to a carrier.
What is the characteristic of tolerogens?
They are antigens that are tolerated and result in immune unresponsiveness, and exposure to them results in a diminished response.
What is the primary function of Fc receptors?
To recognize and bind to the tail of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of phagocytic cells
What is the key difference between B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs)?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT considered a physical barrier to infection?
Commensal microbes
What is the primary function of the acidic pH of the skin, stomach, and vagina in terms of defense against infection?
To inhibit the growth and survival of most pathogenic microorganisms
How do commensal microbes contribute to the body's defense against infection?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of disrupting the body's normal flora of commensal microbes?
Improved overall health and well-being
Learn about the interaction between ligands and receptor proteins on cell surfaces in the immune system. Understand how these interactions trigger immune responses and the importance of shapes and affinity in these interactions.
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