Immune System Anatomy

<p>To provide a site for immune cells to attack pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of immune cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of old or damaged blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to pathogen antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing antibodies to target specific pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural killer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make blood vessels more permeable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presenting pathogen antigens on cell surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destroying infected cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as signaling molecules for cell communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An antigen-MHC complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They generate a faster and stronger response upon re-infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to an antigen and displaying it on cell surfaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The speed of response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The secondary response involves memory cells, the primary does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To use a weakened form of the pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body’s own healthy cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mRNA vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helping to destroy pathogens and infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mounts a faster and stronger secondary response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating other immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a physical barrier and produce mucus to trap pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is faster and more powerful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They kill infected and abnormal cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A piece of biological material that is part of the body’s cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to specific antigens on antigen-presenting cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a faster, stronger response upon reinfection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used to distinguish self from non-self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger an immune response without causing infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They differentiate into lymphocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer layer of the skin, composed of dead cells, acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Sticky mucus traps invading pathogens in the respiratory and digestive systems, preventing them from reaching deeper tissues.

Saliva and sweat contain enzymes and antibodies that can directly destroy pathogens.

The stomach's acidic environment kills many of the pathogens we ingest with food and drinks.

This spongy tissue in bones is the birthplace of blood cells, including immune cells.

Immune cells that develop from lymphoid progenitor cells, including T cells and NK cells, are responsible for attacking pathogens.

A specialized organ where T cells mature and learn to recognize and attack pathogens, while eliminating self-reactive cells.

Lymph nodes, connected by lymphatic vessels, filter lymph and are crucial locations for immune cells to encounter and destroy pathogens.

NK cells kill infected or abnormal cells, including cancer cells, by causing them to die (apoptosis).

Dendritic cells display pathogen antigens on their surface using MHC proteins.

Adaptive immunity is specific and powerful. It targets specific antigens and remembers past infections for faster responses.

T cells bind to specific antigens with their TCRs. They are activated by antigen-presenting cells and can become helper or cytotoxic T cells.

Activated T cells rapidly divide and can become helper T cells (which activate other immune cells) or cytotoxic T cells (which destroy infected cells).

B cells bind to specific antigens with their BCRs. When activated by helper T cells, they become plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Antibodies bind to pathogens, neutralize toxins, and activate complement proteins to help destroy pathogens.

Memory cells remember past infections and respond quickly if the same pathogen invades again.

A vaccine triggers a primary immune response without causing disease, producing memory cells for faster responses to future infections.

mRNA vaccines use mRNA to teach cells how to make a protein found on a virus, stimulating an immune response.

A substance that triggers an immune response against a pathogen without causing an infection. If the immune system encounters the same type of pathogen later, it can destroy the pathogen more quickly and efficiently.

Harmful substances (typically small molecules or proteins) produced by living organisms, including some pathogens.

Small organs at the back of the throat that contain immune cells. These cells destroy inhaled or ingested microbes and warn the immune system about potential infections.

An organ in the chest where immune cells called T cells develop.

A protein on the surface of a T cell that binds to a specific antigen (but only when the antigen is bound to an MHC protein on an antigen-presenting cell). Plays a major role in T cell activation.

An adaptive immune cell that helps the body respond to specific pathogens. Upon recognizing a specific antigen, T cells differentiate into helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A cell that can develop into a variety of other cell types. Stem cells in the bone marrow can develop into immune cells and red blood cells.

An organ above the stomach that helps filter the blood. Contains immune cells that break down dead and dying red blood cells to recycle their parts.

The body’s thick outer layer. Acts as a physical barrier to pathogens and also makes some antimicrobial substances.

A small piece of biological material (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or nucleic acid) that is part of the body or its cells. The body destroys immune cells that bind to self-antigens.

How the immune system responds the second (or any subsequent) time it encounters a specific pathogen. This response is faster and more powerful than the immune system response when it first encounters the pathogen.

Proteins in and on the membranes of cells. Receptors bind to specific molecules, such as antigens, to send signals between or within cells.

Cells that come from stem cells and can then differentiate into other cell types. Lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into lymphocytes, and myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into other immune cells and red blood cells. Both types of progenitor cells come from stem cells in the bone marrow.

A small piece of biological material, like a protein or carbohydrate, that the immune system can recognize. Antigens from pathogens or abnormal cells trigger an immune response.

An antigen bound to an MHC protein on the surface of a cell. T cells must bind to a specific antigen-MHC complex in order to activate.

A cell with an antigen bound to an MHC protein on its surface. APCs interact with T cells to trigger an immune response. The most common APCs are dendritic cells.

A process by which a cell destroys itself. It involves chemical reactions that make the cell change appearance and then die. Apoptosis is often used to kill cells that are unneeded or abnormal.

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's healthy cells. The immune system can't tell friend from foe.

A type of immune cell that circulates in the blood and is involved in inflammation. It releases chemicals that promote inflammation.

A spongy tissue found in certain bones. It produces stem cells that develop into immune cells and red blood cells.

The processes of the adaptive immune response that destroy infected cells using cytotoxic T cells.

A group of proteins in the blood that help destroy pathogens and infected cells. They can directly damage pathogens or attract other immune cells to the site of an infection.

Small proteins released by cells to communicate with other cells. They help regulate the immune response by alerting cells to an infection or activating specific immune cells.

A type of T cell that kills infected cells by inducing apoptosis. They are like the special forces of the immune system, targeting and destroying infected cells.

A type of phagocyte (a cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens) that

The organs and tissues involved in eating and breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. The digestive system also plays a role in the immune system as it is the first line of defense against pathogens that enter the body through food and water.