Immune Response Types

What is the primary function of the skin in the context of the immune response?

To serve as the first line of defense against infection (correct)
To produce antibodies against specific antigens
To differentiate between B and T cells
To regulate the inflammatory response

What type of cells are involved in the cell-mediated response?

Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial cells
Histamine cells
Cytotoxic cells (correct)

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

To regulate the inflammatory response
To produce histamine
To differentiate between antigens and self-antigens
To produce antibodies against specific antigens (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

It is effective from the time of birth (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune response?

Memory cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the humoral response?

To produce antibodies against specific antigens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IgA antibodies?

Preventing pathogens from crossing the epithelium and entering the bloodstream (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of B cells?

Each B cell produces only one type of antibody (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

Recognizing virus-infected cells and killing them (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first antibody produced by activated B cells?

IgM (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

Regulating the immune response by turning it off (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells need to recognize in the lymph nodes?

Antigens in the context of self-molecules (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the flame bulb in the protonephridia system?

Filtering water and solutes from body fluids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between metanephridia and protonephridia?

Presence of internal openings in the tubule network (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of osmoconformers?

They allow the osmolarity of their body fluids to match that of the environment (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ureter in the mammalian urinary system?

To lead urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is excreted by mammals?

Urea (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of animals are Malpighian tubules found?

Insects and other terrestrial arthropods (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of excreting urea over ammonia?

Urea is less toxic than ammonia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nephridiopore in the excretory system?

To excrete waste from the body surface (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a contractile vacuole in freshwater protists?

To expel excess water out of the cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animal is likely to excrete uric acid?

Birds (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer coat of connective tissue in the kidney called?

Renal capsule (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ammonia as a nitrogenous waste?

It is highly toxic and requires a lot of water to excrete (A) Signup and view all the answers