24 Questions
What is the primary function of the skin in the context of the immune response?
To serve as the first line of defense against infection
What type of cells are involved in the cell-mediated response?
Cytotoxic cells
What is the role of B cells in the immune response?
To produce antibodies against specific antigens
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
It is effective from the time of birth
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune response?
Memory cells
What is the primary function of the humoral response?
To produce antibodies against specific antigens
What is the function of IgA antibodies?
Preventing pathogens from crossing the epithelium and entering the bloodstream
What is a unique characteristic of B cells?
Each B cell produces only one type of antibody
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
Recognizing virus-infected cells and killing them
What is the first antibody produced by activated B cells?
IgM
What is the function of regulatory T cells?
Regulating the immune response by turning it off
What do T cells need to recognize in the lymph nodes?
Antigens in the context of self-molecules
What is the function of the flame bulb in the protonephridia system?
Filtering water and solutes from body fluids
What is the main difference between metanephridia and protonephridia?
Presence of internal openings in the tubule network
What is the main characteristic of osmoconformers?
They allow the osmolarity of their body fluids to match that of the environment
What is the role of the ureter in the mammalian urinary system?
To lead urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is excreted by mammals?
Urea
In which type of animals are Malpighian tubules found?
Insects and other terrestrial arthropods
What is the advantage of excreting urea over ammonia?
Urea is less toxic than ammonia
What is the function of the nephridiopore in the excretory system?
To excrete waste from the body surface
What is the function of a contractile vacuole in freshwater protists?
To expel excess water out of the cell
Which type of animal is likely to excrete uric acid?
Birds
What is the outer coat of connective tissue in the kidney called?
Renal capsule
What is a characteristic of ammonia as a nitrogenous waste?
It is highly toxic and requires a lot of water to excrete
Learn about the two types of immune responses: Innate and Adaptive. Understand the differences and mechanisms of each, including barriers, cellular, and chemical defenses.
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