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Questions and Answers
Which type of proteins are responsible for the destruction of organisms/toxins along with enzymes and neutrophil extracellular traps?
Which type of proteins are responsible for the destruction of organisms/toxins along with enzymes and neutrophil extracellular traps?
Which cell types initially produce inflammatory mediators at sites of infection or damage?
Which cell types initially produce inflammatory mediators at sites of infection or damage?
Which of the following is NOT a function of 'alarm' cytokines during the acute phase of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of 'alarm' cytokines during the acute phase of inflammation?
What is the role of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
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Which proteins are involved in indirect recognition within the complement activation pathways?
Which proteins are involved in indirect recognition within the complement activation pathways?
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What is the main characteristic of cytokines among the various mediators in inflammation?
What is the main characteristic of cytokines among the various mediators in inflammation?
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Which cytokines are considered 'anti-inflammatory'?
Which cytokines are considered 'anti-inflammatory'?
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What is the role of IL-12 and IL-18?
What is the role of IL-12 and IL-18?
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Which cytokine is known for recruiting macrophages to sites of damage/infection?
Which cytokine is known for recruiting macrophages to sites of damage/infection?
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What is the main function of type I interferons (IFNa and b)?
What is the main function of type I interferons (IFNa and b)?
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What defines chemokines and their function?
What defines chemokines and their function?
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What is the role of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in the context of free radicals?
What is the role of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in the context of free radicals?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting oxygen into superoxide, peroxide, or hydroxyl anion with unpaired electrons?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting oxygen into superoxide, peroxide, or hydroxyl anion with unpaired electrons?
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What is the primary physiological effect of inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)?
What is the primary physiological effect of inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)?
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Where are most microbicidal mediators produced within the immune system?
Where are most microbicidal mediators produced within the immune system?
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How do some pathogens escape the mechanisms of professional phagocytes?
How do some pathogens escape the mechanisms of professional phagocytes?
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What is the consequence of combining Nitric Oxide (NO) with superoxide?
What is the consequence of combining Nitric Oxide (NO) with superoxide?
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Which enzyme is mainly found in Neutrophil granules and is most active at alkaline pH?
Which enzyme is mainly found in Neutrophil granules and is most active at alkaline pH?
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What is the main function of Defensins in the immune system?
What is the main function of Defensins in the immune system?
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Which enzyme is an acid hydrolase known for breaking down phosphates and sulphates?
Which enzyme is an acid hydrolase known for breaking down phosphates and sulphates?
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What is the primary effect of Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) in the immune system?
What is the primary effect of Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) in the immune system?
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What characteristic makes Cationic proteins like elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 specific for microbial cells?
What characteristic makes Cationic proteins like elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 specific for microbial cells?
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How do Acid hydrolases like glycosidases contribute to immune responses?
How do Acid hydrolases like glycosidases contribute to immune responses?
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Which enzymes are responsible for the production of Prostaglandins?
Which enzymes are responsible for the production of Prostaglandins?
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What is the major target of 'anti-inflammatory' pain killers?
What is the major target of 'anti-inflammatory' pain killers?
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Which eicosanoid is described as having 'hormone-like' effects?
Which eicosanoid is described as having 'hormone-like' effects?
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What is the role of PGE2 in the body?
What is the role of PGE2 in the body?
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Which cells secrete products that play a role in cellular movement during inflammation?
Which cells secrete products that play a role in cellular movement during inflammation?
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What term describes the movement of white blood cells or fluid from the lumen of blood vessels into tissues?
What term describes the movement of white blood cells or fluid from the lumen of blood vessels into tissues?
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During the 'Ingestion' stage of phagocytosis, pseudopodia form and surround the particle to engulf it in a membrane-bound vesicle called a PHAGOSOME.
During the 'Ingestion' stage of phagocytosis, pseudopodia form and surround the particle to engulf it in a membrane-bound vesicle called a PHAGOSOME.
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The four main features of an innate immune response include Anatomical, Physiological, Lymphocytic, and Inflammatory barriers/features.
The four main features of an innate immune response include Anatomical, Physiological, Lymphocytic, and Inflammatory barriers/features.
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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a significant role in phagocytosis and innate immune cell activation.
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) play a significant role in phagocytosis and innate immune cell activation.
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Complement system activation involves only one mechanism that leads to pathogen destruction.
Complement system activation involves only one mechanism that leads to pathogen destruction.
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Cells involved in cell-mediated innate immunity primarily rely on the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for pathogen recognition.
Cells involved in cell-mediated innate immunity primarily rely on the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for pathogen recognition.
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Endocytosis and phagocytosis are two interchangeable terms describing the same process of internalizing particles into cells.
Endocytosis and phagocytosis are two interchangeable terms describing the same process of internalizing particles into cells.
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Superoxide and H2O2 are short-lived molecules that can persist and cause tissue damage.
Superoxide and H2O2 are short-lived molecules that can persist and cause tissue damage.
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RNIs are long-lived molecules that act with ROIs to give their fullest effect.
RNIs are long-lived molecules that act with ROIs to give their fullest effect.
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Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione are enzymes that contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates.
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione are enzymes that contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates.
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Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates primarily act through inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to exert antimicrobial effects.
Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates primarily act through inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to exert antimicrobial effects.
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Neutrophils are less likely to kill ingested microorganisms compared to MC/MFs due to lower respiratory burst.
Neutrophils are less likely to kill ingested microorganisms compared to MC/MFs due to lower respiratory burst.
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Autophagy and pyroptosis are mechanisms used by pathogens to escape the cytoplasm and avoid detection by PRRs.
Autophagy and pyroptosis are mechanisms used by pathogens to escape the cytoplasm and avoid detection by PRRs.
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The phagocyte receptors need to be clustered in order for the phagocyte to undergo cytoskeletal rearrangement during phagocytosis.
The phagocyte receptors need to be clustered in order for the phagocyte to undergo cytoskeletal rearrangement during phagocytosis.
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The ER plays a role in the formation of phagosome membranes and pseudopodia during phagocytosis.
The ER plays a role in the formation of phagosome membranes and pseudopodia during phagocytosis.
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Phagocytic and endocytic vesicle membranes are not recycled after phagocytosis.
Phagocytic and endocytic vesicle membranes are not recycled after phagocytosis.
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The fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates the 'phagolysosome' during phagocytosis.
The fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates the 'phagolysosome' during phagocytosis.
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Oxygen-dependent mechanisms play a more significant role than oxygen-independent mechanisms in the process of acidification during phagocytosis.
Oxygen-dependent mechanisms play a more significant role than oxygen-independent mechanisms in the process of acidification during phagocytosis.
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Lysozyme is a key enzyme found within lysosomes that mediates the digestion of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme is a key enzyme found within lysosomes that mediates the digestion of gram-positive bacterial cell walls.
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Prostaglandins are saturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid.
Prostaglandins are saturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid.
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Leukotrienes are enzymes responsible for the production of chemokines.
Leukotrienes are enzymes responsible for the production of chemokines.
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Histamine acts to decrease vascular permeability.
Histamine acts to decrease vascular permeability.
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Macrophages secrete adhesion molecules, selectins, and integrins during inflammation.
Macrophages secrete adhesion molecules, selectins, and integrins during inflammation.
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Chemotaxis refers to the movement of white blood cells or fluid from tissues into the lumen of blood vessels.
Chemotaxis refers to the movement of white blood cells or fluid from tissues into the lumen of blood vessels.
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Lymphocyte homing is primarily regulated by prostaglandins.
Lymphocyte homing is primarily regulated by prostaglandins.
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Phagocytic/endocytic barriers are not included in the four main types of defensive barriers/features of innate immunity.
Phagocytic/endocytic barriers are not included in the four main types of defensive barriers/features of innate immunity.
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During inflammation, the body's immediate defence reaction to infection or damage involves 4 hallmarks: rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor.
During inflammation, the body's immediate defence reaction to infection or damage involves 4 hallmarks: rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor.
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The Acute Phase Response occurs within 24-48 hours after an inflammatory event.
The Acute Phase Response occurs within 24-48 hours after an inflammatory event.
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Migration of leukocytes to the site of trauma/infection during inflammation leads to decreased phagocytosis.
Migration of leukocytes to the site of trauma/infection during inflammation leads to decreased phagocytosis.
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Opsonins inhibit phagocytosis during inflammation.
Opsonins inhibit phagocytosis during inflammation.
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MEDIATORS released during inflammation do not affect vascular tone and integrity of the endothelial layer.
MEDIATORS released during inflammation do not affect vascular tone and integrity of the endothelial layer.
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Study Notes
- Immunity against microbes involves various enzymes and proteins, including acid hydrolases, lipases, neutral proteases, lactoferrin, defensins, cationic proteins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROIs), and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNIs).
- Acid hydrolases include phosphatases, sulphatases, glycosidases, and deoxyribonucleases. Lipases like phospholipase A2. Neutral proteases include collagenases, elastase, and cysteine proteases.
- Lactoferrin binds to essential nutrients and inhibits bacterial and fungal growth. Defensins are positively charged polypeptides that electrostatically bind to negatively charged PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) like LPS and LTA.
- Cationic proteins, mainly found in neutrophil and eosinophil granules, damage microbial membranes and proteins, and are mostly antibacterial.
- TNFa is a cytokine secreted mainly by macrophages and neutrophils, which is cytotoxic to tumor cells and activates complement, the classical pathway.
- Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROIs) are generated within professional phagocytes during the respiratory burst and are highly reactive molecules with high potential to damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and cell membranes of microorganisms.
- Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNIs), such as nitric oxide, are produced by several nitric oxide synthases and play roles in both physiological and pathological conditions.
- Phagocytes undergo a four-step process of phagocytosis, which includes the stage of 'Exocytosis' where antibodies, lectins/acute phase proteins, complement activation pathways, and proteins are released to enhance microbicidal effects and affect local blood vessels.
- Inflammation is characterized by the production of various proteins, lipids, and chemicals, including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and histamine.
- Cytokines, such as interleukin 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, and TNFa, are produced by various cell types and play significant roles in inflammation, including causing local effects and systemic activation.
- Chemokines are small proteins that act as chemoattractants, stimulating the migration and activation of cells towards the source along a concentration gradient.
- Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid and act on vascular permeability and leukocyte migration.
- Histamine increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
- Various adhesion molecules, selectins, and integrins play roles in binding leukocytes to the endothelium and regulating their movement.
- Chemotaxis is the process of directional movement of cells towards a chemical stimulus.
- Macrophages are important cells involved in cellular movement during inflammation.
- Extravasation is the migration of white blood cells or fluid from the lumen of blood vessels into tissues.
- Overview of inflammation: A complex and multi-step process involving various cells, proteins, and chemical mediators to eliminate pathogens and initiate tissue repair.
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Description
Test your knowledge on immune response mechanisms including antibodies, lectins, acute phase proteins, complement activation pathways, antimicrobial proteins, enzymes, neutrophil extracellular traps, and inflammatory mediators.
