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What is the primary function of perforins and proteases released by granules?
Which of the following cytokines triggers the synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral RNA or DNA?
What is the primary function of Natural Killer cells?
What is the primary function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?
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Which of the following is a key player in both innate and acquired immunity?
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Which protein does a Natural Killer cell use to create a hole in the membrane of an unhealthy cell?
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What is the primary function of MHC 1?
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What is the outcome of Natural Killer cell-mediated apoptosis?
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Which of the following is a key modulator of the behavior of immune cells?
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How do Natural Killer cells recognize unhealthy cells?
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What is the role of granzymes in Natural Killer cell-mediated apoptosis?
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Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating apoptosis in unhealthy cells?
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What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response?
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Which type of cell is involved in the phagocytosis of pathogens?
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What is the result of the complement protein binding to a pathogen?
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Which of the following is a consequence of complement protein activation?
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What is the function of MAC in the immune response?
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What is the result of the interaction between complement proteins and immune complexes?
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What is the process called when a phagocytic cell binds to a foreign particle?
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Which type of cell is responsible for destroying parasites?
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What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
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What is the function of lysosomes in phagocytosis?
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What type of complex can be phagocytosed by eosinophils?
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What is the function of monocytes?
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What is the final step in the process of phagocytosis?
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Study Notes
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Cytotoxic cells, such as Natural Killer cells, kill both host cells and microbes by releasing granules with perforins and proteases.
Cytokines
- Small proteins secreted by immune cells that affect the behavior of other cells.
- Signaling molecules that play a key role in innate and acquired immunity.
- Examples of cytokines include Interferons, Interleukins, and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF).
Interferons
- Bind to receptors of neighboring cells, promoting macrophage function and apoptosis of infected cells.
- Trigger the synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral RNA or DNA, and inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins.
- IFN-α and IFN-β stimulate Natural Killer cells, which produce IFN-γ.
Interleukins
- 37 different types of Interleukins that are not stored inside cells.
- Quickly synthesized and secreted in response to infection.
- Key modulators of immune cell behavior.
- Mostly secreted by T-lymphocytes and macrophages.
- Functions include proliferation of immune cells, increase in antibody production, inflammation, and activation of immune cells.
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)
- Involved in killing cancer cells, fever, and inflammation.
Antimicrobial Peptides
- Short peptides (12-50 amino acids) synthesized on ribosomes.
- Active against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites.
- Examples include dermcidin, defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidin.
- Produced by various cells, including sweat glands, neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelium.
Natural Killer Cells
- Recognize unhealthy cells or viral proteins, and use perforins and granzymes to initiate apoptosis.
- Perforin forms a transmembrane pore, allowing granzymes to enter and cause apoptosis.
Complement Proteins
- Involved in opsonization, inflammation, cytolysis, and elimination of immune complexes.
- Complement proteins bind to pathogens, mark them for destruction, and facilitate their elimination.
Neutrophils
- Engulf and digest microbes using granules.
- Phagocytic cells that play a key role in innate immunity.
Basophils
- Proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells.
- Release histamine, which increases capillary permeability, and heparin, an anticoagulant.
Eosinophils
- Parasite-destroying cells that use peroxide ions to kill parasites.
- Also phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.
Monocytes
- Migrate into tissues and become macrophages.
- Found in various tissues, including the lung, bone, liver, brain, and intestine.
Phagocytosis
- A process involving adherence, engulfment, and digestion.
- Involves the binding of organisms to the surface of phagocytic cells, ingestion, and fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes to digest foreign particles.
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms of immune response, including cell killing and cytokine signaling. Learn about the roles of perforins, proteases, MHC 1, and different types of cytokines like interferons and interleukins.
