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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?

  • Gastric acid
  • Cilia
  • Sebum
  • Phagocytes (correct)

    • Which enzyme found in saliva and tears specifically destroys certain bacteria?

  • Amylase
  • Sebum
  • Lysozymes (correct)
  • Salivase

    • What characterizes the inflammatory response?

  • Vasoconstriction of local capillaries
  • Attraction of erythrocytes to the injured site
  • Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area (correct)
  • Resorption of interstitial fluid into the bloodstream

    • Which of the following can be considered a cause of the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>Dust, bites and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which normal flora benefit the host?

    <p>Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells specialize in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a process in the proliferative phase of wound healing?

    <p>Formation of new epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the inflammatory process, what accounts for swelling and redness?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial protein is commonly found in saliva and tears?

    <p>Lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key event during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

    <p>Fibroblasts secreting collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body from what?

    <p>All foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the body's second line of defense?

    <p>Natural killer cells and phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract?

    <p>Normal urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isolating an infected person helps break the chain of infection at which point?

    <p>Source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of infection, what does the mode of transmission refer to?

    <p>The method of transfer from reservoir to host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If infection occurs from a contaminated object, it is classified as what type of transmission?

    <p>Indirect contact transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an inanimate object that can transmit disease?

    <p>Fomite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RNA template used for protein synthesis on ribosomes called?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Penicillin?

    <p>Inhibits cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes probiotics?

    <p>Bacteria that promote digestive health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism can produce endospores, allowing them to survive in harsh conditions?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria classification as gram positive or gram negative is based on which characteristic?

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of a prion in relation to infectious diseases like Mad Cow disease?

    <p>It is a mutated protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is characterized by having a cell wall but lacking a nucleus?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism reproduces exclusively by invading a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do bacteria primarily use to adhere to surfaces?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism has nuclear material enclosed by a capsid and requires a host cell for replication?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An opportunistic infection occurs under what circumstances?

    <p>It arises from organisms usually non-pathogenic in certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes an example of an endogenous infection?

    <p>Infection from one's own gastrointestinal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a healthcare-associated infection?

    <p>It is acquired while receiving care in a healthcare setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

    <p>Can lead to surgical site infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a superbug?

    <p>Resistance to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the effectiveness of a drug when parenteral administration is compromised?

    <p>Due to lack of blood flow at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic index of a drug indicate?

    <p>Potential toxicity relative to dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a primary lymphoid organ?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph enters a lymph node via which structure?

    <p>Afferent lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the groin region are called what?

    <p>Inguinal nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When lymph nodes trap foreign cells, they will generally do what?

    <p>Swell in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions does the right lymphatic duct drain?

    <p>Right side of head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The composition of lymph differs from that of blood in that lymph has a:

    <p>Lower percentage of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is linked to stomach cancer?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In epidemiology, what does the term morbidity refer to?

    <p>Number of people with the illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer cells in the immune response?

    <p>To attack early cancer cells and virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents an objectively identifiable feature of a disease?

    <p>A sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered to be a symptom?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes interferons?

    <p>Chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease classification do autoimmune diseases fall under?

    <p>Immunological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates bacteria from viruses?

    <p>Bacteria possess a cell wall, while viruses do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism is capable of forming endospores?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of a disease and the chain of events that lead to the diseased state is defined as what?

    <p>Pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of hospital-acquired infections, which is the most affected body site?

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Being infected with the Hepatitis B virus increases the risk of developing which type of cancer?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What definition best describes an opportunistic infection?

    <p>An infection by microorganisms that typically do not cause disease but do under certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sudden increase in severity of the signs and symptoms of a disease is known as what?

    <p>Exacerbation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is characterized by having genetic material surrounded by a capsid?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the therapeutic index of a drug?

    <p>It reflects the difference between effective and toxic doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized for proposing the germ theory of disease?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typical for rectal drug administration?

    <p>Suppository form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of wound healing, which phase is characterized by the formation of new epithelial tissue?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>It is resistant to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ's cells are primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high rate of polypharmacy in older patients?

    <p>Increased lifestyle diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils during the Acute Inflammatory Response?

    <p>To engulf pathogens and dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes best describes how microorganisms are transferred from a source to a susceptible host?

    <p>Mode of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major difference distinguishes human body cells from procaryotic cells?

    <p>Procaryotic cells possess a cell wall, while human body cells are devoid of one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the inflammatory response, which sign is primarily attributed to vasodilation?

    <p>Redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CD 8 cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They conduct toxic attacks on infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is conferred by antibodies obtained during breastfeeding?

    <p>Passive natural immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system?

    <p>The innate system is always primed to respond to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response?

    <p>Antibody production by B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary secretion of plasma cells in response to an antigen?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response process primarily involves T lymphocytes?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity occurs in response to vaccination?

    <p>Active artificial immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is most effective in initiating inflammation?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells does NOT belong to the specific immune system?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferons in the immune response?

    <p>To inhibit viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Defence

    • Second line of defence includes phagocytes.
    • First line of defence includes cilia, mucous and lysozymes.
    • Lysozymes are enzymes found in tears and saliva that destroy certain bacteria.
    • Inflammation increases vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area.
    • Acute inflammatory response can be caused by dust, bites and infection.
    • Normal flora benefit the host by inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms.
    • Second lines of defence include natural killer cells.
    • Natural killer cells are nonspecific defence cells that attack early cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
    • Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells.
    • Macrophages and neutrophils are the main phagocytic cells in the body.
    • Proliferative phase of wound healing involves the formation of new epithelial tissue.
    • Swelling from acute inflammatory response is caused by leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels.
    • Bacteria are the only microorganisms that produce endospores.
    • Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on their cell wall structure.
    • Prions are mutated proteins that are responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease.
    • Bacteria are microorganisms that possess a cell wall and lack a nucleus.
    • Viruses are microorganisms that can only reproduce by invading a host cell.
    • Fimbriae are structures used by bacteria to attach to a surface.
    • Viruses are microorganisms that consist of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and need to invade a host cell to replicate.
    • Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions.
    • Endogenous infections are caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract.
    • Healthcare-associated infections are acquired only in a healthcare facility.
    • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can cause surgical wound infections.
    • Superbugs are microorganisms that are resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.
    • Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) are acquired whilst in a healthcare facility.
    • The urinary tract is the body site most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection.
    • Bacteria are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections.
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises the nose.
    • Subclinical infections do not produce any recognisable signs and symptoms.

    Pharmacology

    • Pharmacology is the study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs.
    • Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered in the form of a patch.
    • Therapeutic index is an indicator of a drug's toxicity.
    • Skin is the most effective barrier to drug absorption.
    • A drug with a high receptor affinity is more potent.
    • Synthetic drugs were the most common source of drugs in the 20th century.
    • Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the cells of the liver.
    • Polypharmacy is more common in patients with increasing age.
    • Rectal administration is most appropriately administered as a suppository.

    Microbiology

    • Robert Koch is credited with proposing the germ theory of disease.
    • Protein is the infectious substance of a prion.
    • Protozoa are the only microorganism that possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
    • Robert Hooke was the first to use the term "cell".
    • Fimbriae are cell appendages used by bacteria to attach to surfaces.
    • Viruses must invade a host cell in order to replicate.
    • Procaryotic cells have a cell wall and human body cells do not.
    • Neutrophils are the white blood cells that enter the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells during Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR).
    • Vasodilation accounts for redness and heat during the inflammatory process. **
    • Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins present in saliva and tears.
    • Vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow is a feature of the inflammatory phase of wound healing.
    • The innate defence system is always prepared to protect the body from all foreign substances.
    • Natural killer cells and phagocytes are the body's second line of defence.
    • Normal urine flow is an important innate defence mechanism in the urinary tract.
    • Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the mode of transmission.
    • Direct contact transmission occurs when a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone.
    • The reservoir is the place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection.
    • Vector transmission occurs when insects transmit the pathogen from one host to another.
    • Fomite is an inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease.

    Drug Action

    - **Translation** is the process of synthesising a protein from a mRNA template. - **mRNA** is the template used to synthesise a protein on a ribosome. - **Penicillin** inhibits cell wall synthesis. - **Probiotics** are bacteria that promote good health in the digestive system. - **Transcription** is the process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA. - **mRNA** is the RNA generated from the DNA strand. - **Inhibition** is the clear area around a disc in a disc diffusion test that indicates the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. - **Ribosomes** are the site of protein synthesis. - **Humans acquire folic acid from their diet**, while bacteria must synthesize it, allowing for selective toxicity of antibiotics that block folic acid synthesis. - **Selective toxicity** is the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism responsible for the disease without causing harm to the host cells. - **Bacteriostatic** is an antibiotic that inhibits replication of the microorganism so the host's immune system can kill the microorganism. - **Human ribosomes are different to bacterial ribosomes**, allowing for selective toxicity of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes. ### Cell Appendages - Fimbriae are the cellular appendage used by bacteria to attach to surfaces

    Viral Replication

    • Viruses must invade host cells to replicate
    • Viruses can replicate by budding

    Human vs. Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and human cells do not.

    Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR)

    • Neutrophils enter the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells.

    Vasodilation

    • Vasodilation causes redness and heat during the inflammatory process

    Antimicrobial proteins

    • Lysozymes are present in saliva and tears

    Innate Defence System

    • The innate defence system protects the body from all foreign substances

    Body's Second Line of Defence

    • Natural killer cells and phagocytes are the body's second line of defense

    Innate Defence Mechanism in the Urinary Tract

    • The normal flow of urine is an important innate defence in the urinary tract.

    Breaking the Chain of Infection

    • Isolating an infected person breaks the chain of infection at the source.
    • Mode of transmission refers to how microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

    Serology Reports

    • Serology reports provide information about the presence of specific antibodies in the blood.

    HIV

    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys helper T cells.

    B and T Lymphocytes

    • B and T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow.

    Plasma Cells

    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies.

    T Lymphocytes

    • T lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity.

    Antibodies and Humoral immunity

    • The secretion of antibodies by B lymphocytes provides humoral immunity.

    CD8 Cells

    • CD8 cells are involved in a toxic attack on antigen-associated invading cells.

    Specific Immune System

    • Natural killer cells belong to the innate immune system.

    Shingles

    • Shingles is caused by a reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus which causes chickenpox.

    Vaccinations

    • Vaccinating a person is an example of active artificial immunity.

    Plasma and Memory Cells

    • Plasma and memory cells belong to the humoral immune response.

    Lymphocyte Categories

    • B cells and T cells are the two categories of lymphocytes.

    Antibodies : Active vs Passive

    • Antibodies acquired by a baby during breastfeeding are an example of passive natural immunity
    • Becoming infected by the bacteria that causes whooping cough is an example of active natural immunity.

    Cytotoxic T Cells and Memory Cells

    • Cytotoxic T cells and memory cells both belong to the cell-mediated immune response.

    B Lymphocyte Maturation

    • B lymphocytes mature in the red bone marrow.

    Helper T Cells

    • Helper T cells release cytokines that activate the immune system.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity is another term for specific immunity

    T Lymphocyte Maturation

    • T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.

    Cell Mediated Immune Response

    • Cell-mediated immune response involves T lymphocytes.

    Production of Antibodies

    • Antibodies are produced as part of the humoral immune response.

    Artificial vs. Natural Immunity

    • Vaccination against chickenpox is an example of active artificial immunity
    • Injection of antibodies against hepatitis A is an example of passive artificial immunity.

    Activated Helper T Cells

    • Activated helper T cells release molecules called cytokines.

    Primary Lymphoid Organs

    • Red bone marrow is a primary lymphoid organ

    Lymph Node Drainage

    • Lymph enters the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
    • Right Lymphatic duct drains lymph from right side of head, neck, and right upper limb
    • The thoracic duct drains lymph from all areas EXCEPT the right upper limb
    • Lymph is a clear fluid, that differs to blood by a higher percentage of fats

    Lymphatic System Functions

    • The lymphatic system does not transport dietary sugars

    **Lymphoid Tissue and the Digestive system

    • Islets of Langerhans are not associated with the digestive system.

    Tonsils

    • Tonsils are located at the entrance of the pharynx

    Swollen Lymph Nodes

    • Lymphocytes increasing in number causes lymph nodes to swell

    Immune System and Health

    • The immune system protects against disease and helps maintain health

    Microorganisms

    • Microorganisms can cause disease in communities and healthcare settings.

    Subjective Experiences

    • Subjective experiences reported by a patient are called symptoms

    Clinical Features

    • An acute disease has severe clinical features that occur over a short period.

    Epidemiological Terms

    • An epidemic is when there is an outbreak of disease within a particular location
    • Endemic denotes a disease constantly present in a population

    Objective Features

    • Objective features of a disease are referred to as signs

    Epidemiology - Morbidity and Mortality

    • Morbidity refers to the number of people with an illness.
    • Mortality refers to the number of people that have died from an illness.

    Aetiology

    • Aetiology refers to the cause of a disease.

    Stomach Cancer

    • Helicobacter pylori is believed to be linked to stomach cancer.

    Cervical Cancer

    • The human papillomavirus (HPV) is believed to be linked to causing cervical cancer.

    Disease Progression

    • Exacerbation refers to a sudden increase in the severity of a disease's signs and symptoms.
    • Prognosis refers to the probable outcome of a disease.

    Metabolic Disease

    • Diabetes is a metabolic disease.

    Immunological Diseases

    • Autoimmune diseases are classified as immunological disease types.

    Pathogenesis

    • Pathogenesis refers to the development of a disease.

    Iatrogenic Disease

    • A pressure ulcer is classified as an iatrogenic disease.

    Hepatitis B

    • Vaccination against Hepatitis B is believed to contribute to reducing the risk of liver cancer.

    Liver Cancer

    • Being infected with the Hepatitis B virus will increase the risk of developing liver cancer.

    Signs vs Symptoms

    • Headache is a symptom, while a rash and swelling are considered signs.
    • Nausea is a symptom, while purulent discharge is a sign

    Incidence

    • Incidence is the number of new disease cases in a given year.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune defence mechanisms, including the first and second lines of defence, inflammation, and the roles of various immune cells. This quiz will cover topics such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, and the process of wound healing.

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