154 Questions
Which type of cells are responsible for seeking, ingesting, and killing pathogens through phagocytosis?
Phagocytes
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
PAMPs
What is the process called when the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysosomal enzymes
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Extravasation
What are the molecular structures on phagocytes that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) called?
PRRs
Which of the following is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes may take several days to leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Transendothelial migration
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, Phospholipase, and Proteases
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Processing the remains of the degraded pathogen and presenting key antigens on their cellular surface
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes are able to degrade microbes externally by releasing microbicidal defensin proteins into the area around the cell?
Exocytosis
What are the molecular structures on macrophages that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) called?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Which type of leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
Which of the following is NOT a function of phagocytes?
Producing antibodies
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the process called when the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the storehouse of microbicidal defensin proteins that some phagocytes contain and can be released into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally?
Defensosomes
What is the name of the intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation signal
Which of the following is a key function of phagocytes?
Seeking, ingesting, and killing pathogens through phagocytosis
What is the process called by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the last to arrive and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules and roll along the blood vessel walls near the infected area?
Diapedesis
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What is the additional function of macrophages and dendritic cells besides being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Further processing the remains of the degraded pathogen and presenting key antigens on their cellular surface
What is the name of the storehouse of microbicidal defensin proteins that some phagocytes contain?
Granules
What is the name of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that phagocytes use to recognize molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Which of the following is a key function of phagocytes?
Seeking, ingesting, and killing pathogens
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the last to arrive and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Endocytosis
What is the name of the process by which lysosomal enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysosomal degradation
What are reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds produced to degrade microbes in the phagolysosome?
Hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species
What do some phagocytes contain an internal storehouse of that can be released into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally?
Defensin proteins
What is the name of the process by which macrophages and dendritic cells present key antigens on their cellular surface to stimulate some adaptive immune responses?
Antigen presentation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosomal fusion
Which of the following is NOT a function of phagocytes?
Producing antibodies
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes takes several days to leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Transendothelial migration
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by phagocytes to kill pathogens?
Production of antibodies
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
Which of the following is NOT a function of phagocytes?
Producing antibodies against pathogens
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the last to arrive and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process called when the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by phagocytes to kill pathogens?
Production of antibodies
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a type of leukocyte involved in phagocytosis?
Lymphocytes
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
Which of the following is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Transendothelial migration
Which of the following cells are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What are the lysosomal enzymes that digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue?
Transendothelial migration
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
All of the above
What is the name of the process by which some phagocytes even contain an internal storehouse of microbicidal defensin proteins, which can be released into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally?
Defensin release
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagolysosome formation
What are the molecular structures on phagocytes that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) called?
PRRs
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What type of cells are responsible for seeking, ingesting, and killing pathogens through phagocytosis?
Phagocytes
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
PAMPs
Which type of leukocytes may take several days to leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What type of cells are also antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response, further processing the remains of the degraded pathogen and presenting key antigens on their cellular surface, an important step for stimulation of some adaptive immune responses?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the process by which leukocytes are able to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which of the following is NOT a function of phagocytes?
Adapting
What are the molecular structures that phagocytes recognize that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Transendothelial migration
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of pathogen destruction by phagocytes?
Release of antibodies
Which type of leukocytes may take several days to leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes release microbicidal defensin proteins into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally?
Exocytosis
What is the function of macrophages and dendritic cells in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Cytokine production
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue?
Extravasation
Which of the following is the first type of leukocyte to arrive, often within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
Which type of leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages do?
Provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes recognize molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Pattern recognition
What is the name of the process by which the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Margination
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Phagosome-lysosome fusion
Which enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Phagocytosis
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which some phagocytes contain an internal storehouse of microbicidal defensin proteins, which can be released into the area around the cell to degrade microbes externally?
Exocytosis
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue?
Extravasation
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What type of leukocytes are the first to arrive, often within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What are the molecular structures that are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes called?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Transendothelial migration
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
What type of cells are involved in the specific adaptive immune response, further processing the remains of the degraded pathogen and presenting key antigens on their cellular surface, an important step for stimulation of some adaptive immune responses?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes may take several days to leave the bloodstream and differentiate into macrophages?
Monocyte differentiation
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the process called when the pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the internal compartment of the phagocyte?
Phagocytosis
What are the molecular structures on phagocytes that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) called?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
What enzymes digest the pathogen in the phagolysosome?
Lysozyme, phospholipase, and proteases
What is the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of small capillary blood vessels within tissues to reach pathogens located in infected tissue called?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocyte?
Lymphocytes
What are the molecular structures on phagocytes that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) called?
PRRs
What type of leukocytes are the first to arrive within hours of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What is the name of the process by which leukocytes stick slightly to the adhesion molecules, slowing down and rolling along the blood vessel walls near the infected area, before binding to even more of these adhesion molecules and squeezing through the cellular junction?
Extravasation
What is the name of the process by which phagocytes provide an intracellular signal that activates the phagocyte, causing it to transition from a dormant state of readiness and slow proliferation to a state of hyperactivity, proliferation, production/secretion of cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing?
Activation
What is the name of the process by which the phagosome containing the pathogen fuses with one or more lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, which enhances the acidification, essential for activation of pH-dependent digestive lysosomal enzymes and production of hydrogen peroxide and toxic reactive oxygen species?
Lysosomal fusion
Which of the following is an important early antibacterial mechanism during phagocytosis?
Acidification of the phagosome
What are macrophages and dendritic cells also involved in, in addition to being antigen-presenting cells involved in the specific adaptive immune response?
Phagocytosis
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