Immigrant Families and Baumrid's Parenting Styles

Special Concerns of Immigrant Families

• An orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual is called familism.
• Adolescents who value familism are more likely to develop prosocial values, less likely to get depressed, less likely to get involved with antisocial peer groups, and less likely to use illicit drugs.
• Generational dissonance is a divergence of views between adolescents and parents, which is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.

Parenting Styles and Their Effects

• Dianna Baumrid identified two critical aspects of parenting: parental responsiveness and parental demandingness.
• Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which a parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting and supportive manner.
• Parental demandingness refers to the degree to which a parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child.

Baumrid's Parenting Styles

• Authoritative parenting involves reciprocal, responsive relationships with high bidirectional communication. It is supportive and demanding.
• Authoritarian parenting involves controlling and power-assertive relationships with high unidirectional communication. It is unsupportive and demanding.
• Permissive (indulgent) parenting involves indulgent relationships with low control attempts. It is supporting and undemanding.
• Uninvolved parenting involves rejecting or neglecting relationships and is unsupportive and undemanding.

Adolescents and Divorce

• Effects of divorce are generally stronger in school-aged individuals than in preschoolers or college students.
• Quality of relationships is more important than quantity.
• The period of greatest difficulty for most adolescents is around the time of divorce.
• Visible conflict, feelings of insecurity, and disruption of parent-child relationships are common risk factors in the wake of divorce.
• Hostile marital conflict can contribute to adolescent emotional insecurity and behavioral problems.
• Custody arrangements, contact with parents, and parent relationships can affect adolescent well-being after divorce. These factors can impact wellbeing positively or negatively.

Remarriage

• Adolescents in stepfamilies often have more problems than their peers.
• They are exposed to additional conflict between parents and stepparents.

Economic Stress and Poverty

• Family income instability, debt, and lost income can often lead to decreased parental wellbeing, which can harm the child.
• Financial hardship often precipitates increased marital conflict, poor parenting, and adolescent difficulties.
• Loss of income negatively impacts parenting, leading to increased stress and strain on the family.

Adolescents with Lesbian or Gay Parents

• Numerous studies have found that there is no difference in psychological wellbeing between children of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ+) parents and those of heterosexual parents.

Adolescents in Foster Care

• Foster care is a temporary living arrangement for children whose parents cannot provide care and safety.
• Adolescents typically enter foster care due to parental maltreatment, safety, well-being risks, or delinquency.
• Foster care can expose adolescents to increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems.

Why Peer Groups are Necessary in Today's World

• Peer groups are important in less industrialized societies that are more kinship-based and in modern societies.
• People in modern societies spend more time with peers.
• Cultural changes occur differently among three types of cultures, in postifigurative cultures, elders hold the knowledge for success; in configurative cultures, adults and peers share in knowledge transfer; and prefigurative cultures, young people may teach adults.

Cliques and Crowds

• Cliques are groups of 5-6 peers (usually the same sex and age) who share common activities like friendship.
• Crowds are larger, loosely organized groups, encompassing various cliques, usually around common activities.
• The social map of adolescence shows a spectrum of involvement in adult-controlled institutions and informal peer culture.

Crowds as Reference Groups

• Crowds act as reference groups influencing adolescent behaviors.
• High-status peers often set social norms for adolescents.
• Adolescents can be reinforced in their behaviors by conformity to crowds.
• In multi-ethnic schools, peers often organize themselves based on ethnicity.
• Cliques typically share traits such as age, gender, race, and ethnicity.
• Adolescent sex segregation, in particular, is important during early and middle adolescence.

Common Interests Among Friends

• Factors like orientation toward school, involvement in antisocial activity, and parental role are important in shaping clique membership.
• Consultants (peers offering assistance with problems) are less likely to be involved in drugs and delinquency.
• Problematic parent-child relationships increase antisocial behaviors in adolescence.
• Group interventions can impact treatment in unintended ways.

Determinants of Popularity and Rejection

• Sociometric popularity is how well-liked someone is. It's based on social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor.
• Perceived popularity refers to the status or prestige someone has.
• Aggressive antisocial adolescents are often rejected.
• Aggressive adolescents use their aggression strategically and selectively.
• Rejected adolescents frequently exhibit aggressive or withdrawn behaviors.
• Rejection can stem from aggressive or withdrawn behaviors.

Relational Aggression

• Relational aggression is a social form of aggression aimed at harming others through manipulation of relationships.

Bullies and Victims

• Bullying is repetitive and involves an imbalance of power.
• Bullying prevalence is often higher in schools with higher income inequality.
• Witnessing bullying can also cause distress and anxiety.
• Victimization affects academic performance, school attendance, and sense of competence.

School Context

• School interventions and victim categories can be characterized as passive, aggressive, support-seeking, and those who engage in a little of each behavior.
• Four categories of victims exist: mainly passive, primarily aggressive, support-seeking, and those exhibiting a mixture of behaviors.

The Origins of Secondary Education

• The increase in secondary education in America resulted from industrialization, urbanization, and immigration.
• Comprehensive high schools offer general, college prep, and vocational education under one roof.
• Larger schools feature varied curricula and extracurriculars.
• Student performance is better in smaller schools.

Age Grouping and School Transitions

• School transitions can temporarily disrupt adolescent performance, behavior, and self-image.
• The previous performance of an adolescent and well-being are the biggest factors in transitional effects.
• Parental support and involvement are protective factors against negative outcomes from transitional periods.

Tracking

• Tracking is the separation of students into ability groups to learn in classes suited for their skills level.
• Tracking allows teachers to tailor lessons for students.
• Remedial tracks may lead to poorer quality education, difficulty changing trajectories, and limited social interaction.
• Tracking can exacerbate discrimination against disadvantaged students.
• Remedial track students may receive poor quality educational instruction, struggle with trajectory changes, and limit social opportunities.

Classroom Climate and Family Income

• A supportive classroom climate has a strong positive impact on students, particularly those from disadvantaged households.
• Teacher expectations frequently influence student performance, sometimes creating expected outcomes.
• Teachers' performance expectations often reflect students’ backgrounds and ethnicity.

Importance of Student Engagement

• Students actively engaged in learning show increased competencies, a sense of belonging, authentic work, positive peer group support, and parental involvement.
• Decreased engagement is often characterized by routinized structures, teacher-focused lectures, and age-specific differences.

The College-Bound

• The proportion of college enrollment in the U.S. significantly increased since 1930.
• Large numbers of students who enroll in college do not, however, graduate.
• College graduates typically earn more than their non-graduate counterparts.
• Individuals who drop out of high school often experience economic struggles, unemployment, and unintended pregnancies.

This lesson explores the special concerns of immigrant families, including familism, generational dissonance, and Baumrid's parenting styles. Familism prioritizes family needs, while generational dissonance creates divergence between adolescents and parents. Baumrid identified responsiveness and demandingness as critical aspects of parenting.