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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of morality?
What characterizes perfect voluntariness in human acts?
What does the principle of double effect require for an action to be morally permissible?
Which term describes humane interventions that do not destroy functional integrity?
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Which of the following best defines indirect voluntariness?
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Which component of human acts refers specifically to the freedom to choose?
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What type of ignorance indicates the absence of knowledge regarding the effect of an act?
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What is meant by anatomical integrity in the principle of totality?
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What is the term used to describe a human person's inherent ability to know God?
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Which aspect of human nature emphasizes the unity between body and soul?
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In Marlin Buber's philosophy, which relationship is characterized by viewing the other as an object?
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How does a human being, created in God's image, relate to God according to the content?
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Which term refers to the capacity for God found in rational beings?
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What is a significant outcome of the 'I-Thou' relationship in Buber's philosophy?
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Which term describes the belief that man was created for his own sake in God's image?
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What is the primary characteristic of beings who have self-awareness in the context of this content?
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What characterizes vincible ignorance?
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Which of the following is a preternatural gift attributed to humanity before Original Sin?
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In the hierarchy of being as described by St. Thomas Aquinas, which category comes directly below humans?
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What does the phrase 'Operari Sequitur Esse' signify regarding operations of living beings?
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Which aspect of the soul best describes a human soul according to the content?
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What was lost as a result of Original Sin according to the discussed doctrines?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of ignorance discussed?
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What is the significance of the Parousia in theological context?
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Study Notes
Ignorance of Law
- The lack of knowledge about a law can lead to consequences for not following it.
- It's important to be aware of both the existence and content of the law.
Types of Ignorance
-
Vincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance can be overcome with reasonable effort.
- Ignorance is considered culpable (blameworthy) if the individual didn't make a reasonable effort to dispel the ignorance.
-
Invincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance can't be overcome by ordinary or proper means.
- It's considered crass or supine if the person didn't make any effort.
- It's considered affected if the person actively tried to maintain the ignorance.
Preternatural Gifts
- These gifts were bestowed upon Adam and Eve before the Fall.
- They included:
- Knowledge: A perfect understanding of truth.
- Absence of Concupiscence: A lack of inclination to sin.
- Bodily Immortality: An undying body.
Original Justice
- This doctrine states that Adam and Eve, prior to sinning, were in a state of holiness and justice.
- The Fall of Man led to the loss of original justice, which was later restored through the atoning death of Jesus Christ.
Original Sin
- The Fall of Man resulted in the spread of original sin, which is the loss of original justice.
- It affects all descendants of Adam and Eve.
Sanctifying Grace
- This grace is obtained through Jesus Christ.
- It brings dignity and elevation to humanity.
- It's given through sacraments, particularly the Holy Eucharist.
Hierarchy of Being
- This concept places beings in a hierarchy based on their essence and potential:
- God
- Angels
- Humans
- Animals
- Plants
- Minerals
Human Soul
- The soul is the principle of life.
- It's considered the first act of a physical organic body (primus actus corporis physici organiçi).
- The human soul is rational and immortal, making it the crowning glory and dignity of human beings.
Operari Sequitur Esse
- This principle means that actions follow being.
- The operations of a being reveal its essence.
- The soul's operations include:
- Nutrition
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Sensation
- Locomotion (Rational, Moral)
- Intellection
- Volition
Individua Substantia
- An individual substance of a rational nature.
- This describes the essence of a human person.
Obediential Potency
- This refers to the natural capacity for receiving knowledge of God that humans possess.
- It's a facility given by God.
Human Person in Experience
- Human beings are social and gregarious by nature, existing in relationships with others.
- We are Trinitarian in origin, emphasizing the importance of relationships.
- Our goal is to seek our well-being and the common good.
Conscious Beings
- We possess self-awareness through our knowing and willing.
- We are capable of understanding the order of things and recognizing God.
Embodied Spirits
- This emphasizes the unity between the body and soul.
GF, BS, PS
- These refer to the Old Testament, Descent to the Dead (Limbo-hell), and Purgatory or Eternal fire.
Holy Spirit
- The Holy Spirit is the Paraclete, a divine person who is the source of sanctification.
- God created humans for a purpose, reflecting the image and likeness of God.
- Humans are capable of self-knowledge and reflection.
Image of God
- The dignity of humans lies in being created in God's image.
- This image is redeemed and sanctified through Jesus Christ.
Intelligent, Transcendent, and Free Body
- Humans are saved by Christ.
- They are made holy.
- They are capable of transcending the material world.
I-Thou Relationship
- Buber's philosophy emphasizes the importance of genuine interpersonal relationships, where individuals view others as capable of feeling and thinking like them.
- This contrasts with an I-It relationship where the other is considered an object.
Moral Good of Human Acts
- Human acts are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man.
- They are willed consciously.
- Acts of man are the "acts of sensation and appetition" - these are not deliberate and free.
- Human acts can be good, evil, or indifferent.
Constituent of Human Acts
- Human acts require:
- Knowledge
- Freedom
- Voluntariness
Kinds of Voluntariness
-
Perfect and Imperfect:
- Full knowledge and intention.
-
Simple and Conditional:
- Performed regardless of preference.
-
Direct and Indirect:
- Direct - will aimed at the act itself.
- Indirect - will aimed at something else, but the act is a foreseeable consequence.
-
Positive and Negative:
- Positive - doing something.
- Negative - refraining from doing something.
Determinants of Morality
- The morality of a human act is determined by:
- Object (Finis operis)
- Intention (Finis operantis)
- Circumstances
- Person (who?)
- Quantity or Quality (what)
- Place (where)
- Time (when)
- End (why)
- Means (by what means)
- Manner (how)
Principle of Double Effect
- This principle states that it's permissible to perform an act with morally good and bad consequences, as long as certain conditions are met:
- The act itself must be morally good.
- The good effect must come first.
- The intention must be good.
- The good effect must outweigh the evil effect.
Principle of Totality
- Every person has a right to maintain their integrity.
- Integrity includes anatomical integrity (all parts of the body) and functional integrity (normal functioning of all parts).
- Interventions can be categorized as major mutilations (rendering the individual unfit) or minor mutilations (lessening the functionality without destroying integrity).
Modifiers of Human Acts
- Modifiers can affect the morality of an act:
- Ignorance: Absence of knowledge.
- Considerations: Object, subject, and result of the ignorance.
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Description
Explore the concepts of legal ignorance and its types, including vincible and invincible ignorance. Understand the implications of these concepts in legal contexts and their relation to original justice and preternatural gifts.