Ignorance of Law: Types and Justice

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of morality?

Number of Participants (correct)

Manner

Intention

Place

What characterizes perfect voluntariness in human acts?

Full knowledge and full intention (correct)

No awareness of the act being performed

Indifference towards the act

Partial knowledge of the act and intent

What does the principle of double effect require for an action to be morally permissible?

The good effect must be the unintended consequence

The outcome must be better than the means used

The act is indifferent in nature

The intention must be honest (correct)

Which term describes humane interventions that do not destroy functional integrity?

Minor Mutilations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines indirect voluntariness?

Outcomes that are merely incidental to the primary action Signup and view all the answers

Which component of human acts refers specifically to the freedom to choose?

Voluntariness Signup and view all the answers

What type of ignorance indicates the absence of knowledge regarding the effect of an act?

Privative Ignorance Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by anatomical integrity in the principle of totality?

All parts of the human body should be intact Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a human person's inherent ability to know God?

Obediential Potency Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human nature emphasizes the unity between body and soul?

Embodied Spirits Signup and view all the answers

In Marlin Buber's philosophy, which relationship is characterized by viewing the other as an object?

I-It Relationship Signup and view all the answers

How does a human being, created in God's image, relate to God according to the content?

By developing full potential within God Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the capacity for God found in rational beings?

Capax Dei Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of the 'I-Thou' relationship in Buber's philosophy?

It fosters genuine recognition and connection. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the belief that man was created for his own sake in God's image?

Imago Dei Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of beings who have self-awareness in the context of this content?

Their capacity for self-knowledge and reflection Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes vincible ignorance?

It is conquerable ignorance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a preternatural gift attributed to humanity before Original Sin?

Knowledge and bodily immortality Signup and view all the answers

In the hierarchy of being as described by St. Thomas Aquinas, which category comes directly below humans?

Animals Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'Operari Sequitur Esse' signify regarding operations of living beings?

Operations are reflections of existence. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the soul best describes a human soul according to the content?

Rational and immortal soul Signup and view all the answers

What was lost as a result of Original Sin according to the discussed doctrines?

Original justice for all descendants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of ignorance discussed?

Passive ignorance Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Parousia in theological context?

The separation of the wicked and the righteous Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ignorance of Law

The lack of knowledge about a law can lead to consequences for not following it.
It's important to be aware of both the existence and content of the law.

Types of Ignorance

Vincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance can be overcome with reasonable effort.
- Ignorance is considered culpable (blameworthy) if the individual didn't make a reasonable effort to dispel the ignorance.
Invincible Ignorance: This type of ignorance can't be overcome by ordinary or proper means.
- It's considered crass or supine if the person didn't make any effort.
- It's considered affected if the person actively tried to maintain the ignorance.

Preternatural Gifts

These gifts were bestowed upon Adam and Eve before the Fall.
They included:
- Knowledge: A perfect understanding of truth.
- Absence of Concupiscence: A lack of inclination to sin.
- Bodily Immortality: An undying body.

Original Justice

This doctrine states that Adam and Eve, prior to sinning, were in a state of holiness and justice.
The Fall of Man led to the loss of original justice, which was later restored through the atoning death of Jesus Christ.

Original Sin

The Fall of Man resulted in the spread of original sin, which is the loss of original justice.
It affects all descendants of Adam and Eve.

Sanctifying Grace

This grace is obtained through Jesus Christ.
It brings dignity and elevation to humanity.
It's given through sacraments, particularly the Holy Eucharist.

Hierarchy of Being

This concept places beings in a hierarchy based on their essence and potential:
- God
- Angels
- Humans
- Animals
- Plants
- Minerals

Human Soul

The soul is the principle of life.
It's considered the first act of a physical organic body (primus actus corporis physici organiçi).
The human soul is rational and immortal, making it the crowning glory and dignity of human beings.

Operari Sequitur Esse

This principle means that actions follow being.
The operations of a being reveal its essence.
The soul's operations include:
- Nutrition
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Sensation
- Locomotion (Rational, Moral)
- Intellection
- Volition

Individua Substantia

An individual substance of a rational nature.
This describes the essence of a human person.

Obediential Potency

This refers to the natural capacity for receiving knowledge of God that humans possess.
It's a facility given by God.

Human Person in Experience

Human beings are social and gregarious by nature, existing in relationships with others.
We are Trinitarian in origin, emphasizing the importance of relationships.
Our goal is to seek our well-being and the common good.

Conscious Beings

We possess self-awareness through our knowing and willing.
We are capable of understanding the order of things and recognizing God.

Embodied Spirits

This emphasizes the unity between the body and soul.

GF, BS, PS

These refer to the Old Testament, Descent to the Dead (Limbo-hell), and Purgatory or Eternal fire.

Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit is the Paraclete, a divine person who is the source of sanctification.
God created humans for a purpose, reflecting the image and likeness of God.
Humans are capable of self-knowledge and reflection.

Image of God

The dignity of humans lies in being created in God's image.
This image is redeemed and sanctified through Jesus Christ.

Intelligent, Transcendent, and Free Body

Humans are saved by Christ.
They are made holy.
They are capable of transcending the material world.

I-Thou Relationship

Buber's philosophy emphasizes the importance of genuine interpersonal relationships, where individuals view others as capable of feeling and thinking like them.
This contrasts with an I-It relationship where the other is considered an object.

Moral Good of Human Acts

Human acts are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man.
They are willed consciously.
Acts of man are the "acts of sensation and appetition" - these are not deliberate and free.
Human acts can be good, evil, or indifferent.

Constituent of Human Acts

Human acts require:
- Knowledge
- Freedom
- Voluntariness

Kinds of Voluntariness

Perfect and Imperfect:
- Full knowledge and intention.
Simple and Conditional:
- Performed regardless of preference.
Direct and Indirect:
- Direct - will aimed at the act itself.
- Indirect - will aimed at something else, but the act is a foreseeable consequence.
Positive and Negative:
- Positive - doing something.
- Negative - refraining from doing something.

Determinants of Morality

The morality of a human act is determined by:
- Object (Finis operis)
- Intention (Finis operantis)
- Circumstances
- Person (who?)
- Quantity or Quality (what)
- Place (where)
- Time (when)
- End (why)
- Means (by what means)
- Manner (how)

Principle of Double Effect

This principle states that it's permissible to perform an act with morally good and bad consequences, as long as certain conditions are met:
- The act itself must be morally good.
- The good effect must come first.
- The intention must be good.
- The good effect must outweigh the evil effect.

Principle of Totality

Every person has a right to maintain their integrity.
Integrity includes anatomical integrity (all parts of the body) and functional integrity (normal functioning of all parts).
Interventions can be categorized as major mutilations (rendering the individual unfit) or minor mutilations (lessening the functionality without destroying integrity).

Modifiers of Human Acts

Modifiers can affect the morality of an act:
- Ignorance: Absence of knowledge.
- Considerations: Object, subject, and result of the ignorance.

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Description

Explore the concepts of legal ignorance and its types, including vincible and invincible ignorance. Understand the implications of these concepts in legal contexts and their relation to original justice and preternatural gifts.