Questions and Answers
What process forms igneous rocks when magma cools beneath Earth's surface?
Crystallization
Why do igneous rocks formed from magma cooling beneath Earth's surface generally have larger crystals?
The molecules have time to form larger crystals
What is Bowen's reaction series primarily concerned with?
Predicting igneous rock formation
What did Norman Bowen hypothesize as the main factor influencing the occurrence of certain minerals together in igneous rocks?
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How did Norman Bowen conduct experiments with igneous rocks?
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What is the result of magma cooling above Earth's surface?
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What is magmatic differentiation primarily concerned with?
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What does Bowen's reaction series explain?
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In Bowen's reaction series, which minerals crystallize at higher temperatures?
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Which mnemonic can be used to remember the order of minerals formed in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
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What is the primary mineral involved at the highest temperature in the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
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What is the process of magmatic differentiation primarily concerned with?
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What happens to crystals in the process of magmatic differentiation?
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What does the Bowen's reaction series diagram depict?
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What results from the process of magmatic differentiation?
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What does Bowen's reaction series explain?
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Which mineral is the first to crystallize from magma at high temperatures in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
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What does magmatic differentiation explain?
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What does the mnemonic 'Olive Pits Are Bitter' help to remember?
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What is the mnemonic 'P.M. Quiet' used for in Bowen's reaction series?
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What is the mnemonic 'P.M. Quiet' used for in Bowen's reaction series?
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What does the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series involve?
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What is the mnemonic for remembering the order of minerals in the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series?
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Study Notes
Igneous Rock Formation
- Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools beneath Earth's surface through a process called plutonism.
- Magma cooling beneath Earth's surface results in larger crystals because the magma cools slowly, allowing minerals to grow larger.
Bowen's Reaction Series
- Bowen's reaction series is primarily concerned with the order of mineral crystallization from magma.
- Norman Bowen hypothesized that the main factor influencing the occurrence of certain minerals together in igneous rocks is the temperature of magma.
- Bowen conducted experiments with igneous rocks by heating and cooling them to simulate natural geological processes.
- Bowen's reaction series explains the order of mineral crystallization from magma, with minerals crystallizing at higher temperatures first.
Mineral Crystallization
- In Bowen's reaction series, minerals crystallize in a specific order, with olivine crystallizing at the highest temperatures in the discontinuous series.
- The mnemonic "Olive Pits Are Bitter" can be used to remember the order of minerals in the discontinuous series.
- In the continuous series, the primary mineral involved at the highest temperature is calcium-rich plagioclase.
Magmatic Differentiation
- Magmatic differentiation is primarily concerned with the process of magma differentiation and the resulting changes in mineral composition.
- During magmatic differentiation, crystals settle out of the magma, resulting in a change in the magma's composition.
- The result of magmatic differentiation is a change in the mineral composition of the resulting igneous rock.
- Magmatic differentiation explains the variation in mineral composition between different igneous rocks.
Bowen's Reaction Series Diagram
- The Bowen's reaction series diagram depicts the order of mineral crystallization from magma.
- The diagram shows the discontinuous and continuous series of mineral crystallization.
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