Igneous Rock Formation Process

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Questions and Answers

What is the process where atoms or molecules are arranged into a defined repeating pattern known as?

Crystallization (correct)
Liquefaction
Magmatization
Solidification

Why do igneous rocks formed below Earth's surface generally have larger crystals?

Because they are exposed to more pressure
Because they are exposed to more oxygen
Because the magma cools down faster
Because the minerals in the magma have time to form large crystals (correct)

What important means of predicting igneous rock formation are mentioned in the text?

Norman's reaction series and sedimentary differentiation
Bowen's reaction series and metamorphic differentiation
Bowen's dissolution theory and crystal formation
Bowen's reaction series and magmatic differentiation (correct)

What did Norman Bowen hypothesize as the main factor affecting the occurrence of certain minerals together?

Temperature at which the rocks cooled (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did Norman Bowen conduct his experiments with igneous rocks?

He crushed them into powder, placed them in a metal capsule, heated them to various temperatures, and then cooled them (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did Bowen observe under a special microscope during his experiments with igneous rocks?

Common crystals in igneous rock crystallized from magma at different temperatures (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why do igneous rocks formed above Earth's surface generally have a finer-grained texture?

Because they cool faster than those formed below Earth's surface (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Bowen's reaction series?

The formation of different minerals as magma cools (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the groups of igneous rock shown in Bowen's reaction series diagram?

Ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic used to remember the order of minerals formed in the discontinuous series of Bowen's reactions?

Olive Pits Are Bitter (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the continuous series of Bowen's reaction series, what happens as magma cools?

Calcium is replaced with sodium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in magmatic differentiation?

Crystals settle at the bottom of the magma melt (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral crystallizes at the highest temperature according to Bowen's reaction series?

Olivine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic used to remember the last minerals and the temperatures when they are formed in Bowen's reaction series?

P.M.Quiet (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does magmatic differentiation result in the formation of different igneous rocks?

By altering the chemical composition of the remaining magma through settling crystals (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Igneous rock crystal size

Igneous rocks formed deep within Earth (below the surface) typically have larger crystals than those formed on the surface (above the surface) because they cool more slowly, allowing more time for crystal growth.

Bowen's Reaction Series

A model that shows the order in which different minerals crystallize from cooling magma, based on temperature.

Magmatic Differentiation

The process by which the chemical composition of magma changes as crystals settle out, creating different types of igneous rocks.