IGCSE Biology Unit 8: Plant Reproduction
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IGCSE Biology Unit 8: Plant Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the micropyle in a seed?

  • Allows water absorption for germination (correct)
  • Protects the seed from predators
  • Stores food for the embryo
  • Prevents dehydration of the embryo

    • Seed dispersal allows plant populations to establish themselves in the same area as the parent plant.

    False

    What are the two main parts of an embryo in a seed?

    A young shoot (or plumule) and a young root (or radicle)

    The seed coat, also known as the _____________, prevents dehydration of the embryo.

    <p>testa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of fruits with their descriptions:

    <p>‘Parachute’ Fruits = Has wing-like structures that slow down the sinking of the fruit to the ground. ‘Winged’ Fruits = Has feathery hairs that allow it to float over long distances. ‘Explosive’ Fruits = The pod of the flower dries in the sun, shrivels, and splits in half to release seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fruit?

    <p>To facilitate seed dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cotyledons are part of the seed coat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of seed dispersal in terms of competition between parent plants and their offspring?

    <p>Less competition between parent plants and their offspring since the offspring are not growing in the same area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovary wall develops into the _____________ which prevents dehydration of the embryo.

    <p>testa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of seed dispersal?

    <p>Gravity dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Reproduction

    • Reproduction is the production of an offspring, involving the passing of genetic information from parent to offspring.
    • There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction involves the production of offspring from one parent.
    • Methods of asexual reproduction include:
    • Binary fission
    • Spore formation
    • Budding

    Binary Fission

    • Binary fission occurs in plant cells and involves the production of two identical daughter cells.
    • The process involves:
    • DNA replication
    • Cell division
    • The formation of two identical daughter cells
    • Binary fission has two important roles:
    • It allows for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.
    • It enables unicellular organisms to produce offspring.

    Spore Formation in Fungi

    • Spore formation occurs in fungi and involves the production of microscopic reproductive structures called spores.
    • Spores are formed in sporangia and are released when the sporangium matures.
    • Spores can develop into new fungi if they land in favorable conditions.

    Budding in Yeast Cells

    • Budding is a method of asexual reproduction that occurs in yeast cells.
    • The process involves:
    • The formation of a bud on the surface of the yeast cell.
    • The nucleus of the cell divides into two.
    • One of the nuclei moves into the bud.
    • The bud separates and continues to grow.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction involves the production of offspring from two parents.
    • The process involves:
    • The production of gametes (sex cells) by the parents.
    • The transfer of the male gamete to the female reproductive organ.
    • Fertilization, which occurs when the gametes fuse to produce a zygote.
    • The offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from their parents and exhibit genetic diversity.

    Pollination

    • Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
    • There are two main types of pollination:
    • Insect pollination, which occurs when pollen is transferred by insects such as bees, butterflies, and ants.
    • Wind pollination, which occurs when pollen is transferred by wind.

    Insect Pollination

    • Insect-pollinated flowers have adaptations that attract insects, such as:
    • Large, colorful petals.
    • Nectar production.
    • The stigma is hooked or located inside the flower, surrounded by the anther and petals.

    Wind Pollination

    • Wind-pollinated flowers have adaptations that allow for the transfer of pollen by wind, such as:
    • Small, inconspicuous flowers.
    • No nectar production.
    • The stigma is sticky and feathery, acting as a net to trap pollen grains.
    • The pollen is produced in large numbers and is very light.

    Fertilization

    • Fertilization occurs when a pollen grain reaches a stigma and a pollen tube grows down the style.
    • The process involves:
    • The pollen tube reaching an ovule.
    • The male gamete moving down the pollen tube.
    • The male nucleus fusing with the female nucleus to form a zygote.
    • The zygote dividing many times to produce an embryo.

    Seed and Fruit Formation

    • Once the ovules are fertilized, the ovary develops into a fruit, and the ovules develop into seeds.
    • The seed is made up of:
    • An embryo, which consists of a young shoot and a young root.
    • One or two cotyledons, which are food stores.
    • A seed coat, which is the thickened outer wall of the ovule.
    • A micropyle, which is a small hole that marks the point where the pollen tube entered the ovule.

    Seed Dispersal

    • The main function of fruit is seed dispersal, which allows plants to establish themselves in new habitats.
    • Methods of seed dispersal include:
    • Parachute fruits and winged fruits, which have feathery hairs or wing-like structures that allow them to float over long distances.
    • Explosive fruits, which release seeds when the fruit splits open.

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    Related Documents

    Plant Reproduction IGCSE PDF

    Description

    Learn about the process of reproduction in plants, including asexual and sexual reproduction methods. Understand the characteristics of each type and how genetic information is passed on.

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