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Questions and Answers
What type of risk is described as market risk and affects everyone?
Which event led to a decrease in stability for the entire U.S. financial system in 2008?
What is the main impact of an interest rate increase on security prices?
Which type of risk can be compared to the risk of bad weather in terms of affecting everyone?
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During periods of prolonged economic slowdown, what typically happens to unemployment rates?
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What risk refers to the possibility that you will not be able to sell your assets when you want?
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Which type of risk is specific to a given company or industry?
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What can reduce the amount of unsystematic risk in a portfolio?
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Which factor can lead to a decrease in a company's security prices?
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What type of risk involves factors related to management quality, operational inefficiency, or competitor activities?
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What type of financial risk occurs when investors or businesses have assets in foreign countries?
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How does the appreciation of a foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar affect investments held in the U.S.?
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Which measure is used to assess the impact of various types of risks on the value of securities in a mutual fund?
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What type of investments have lower volatility levels and a steady price change over time?
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Why is it important to know the types of risks securities are exposed to when assessing a mutual fund's volatility level?
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What is the primary reason why investments with higher volatility have the potential for higher returns?
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How does a zero-coupon bond's duration relate to its time to maturity?
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What do mutual fund documents like the simplified prospectus and Fund Facts typically indicate?
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Which type of risk involves the uncertainty associated with changes in foreign exchange rates?
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Why do riskier investments typically provide higher returns?
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Which type of financial ratio measures a company's ability to generate profits from its resources?
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In financial analysis, what are ratios primarily used for?
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What do profitability ratios provide insights into?
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Which financial ratio type measures the company's ability to meet short-term obligations?
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What do portfolio managers primarily use financial ratios for?
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What does the debt-equity ratio measure for a company?
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Which ratio indicates a company's ability to meet current financial obligations?
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How is the current ratio calculated?
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Which ratio is used to assess the investment value of a security?
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What does a higher debt-equity ratio generally represent for a company?
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What is the main reason for your portfolio being down in scenarios 3 and 4?
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What happens to gains or losses in a portfolio when the securities are not sold?
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Which scenario shows the portfolio being up substantially?
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How does the dividend payment affect the end value of the portfolio in scenario 1?
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What type of risk is associated with fluctuations in security prices when markets are open for trading?
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How does the dividend payment in scenario 3 impact the overall portfolio performance?
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Which factor determines whether gains or losses are realized in a portfolio?
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Study Notes
Risk Types and Market Factors
- Market risk affects everyone, reflecting changes in the economy that impact all investments.
- The 2008 financial crisis was triggered by the collapse of Lehman Brothers, leading to decreased stability in the U.S. financial system.
- An increase in interest rates typically results in a decrease in security prices due to higher borrowing costs and reduced consumer spending.
- Systematic risk is comparable to the risk of bad weather, as it impacts all market participants regardless of their individual situations.
Economic Conditions and Employment
- During prolonged economic slowdowns, unemployment rates tend to rise as businesses reduce staffing in response to lower demand.
- Liquidity risk refers to the possibility of being unable to sell assets when needed, potentially leading to losses.
- Business-specific risk, also known as unsystematic risk, pertains to factors unique to a particular company or industry.
Portfolio Management and Risk Mitigation
- Diversification can reduce unsystematic risk in a portfolio by spreading investments across various assets, minimizing the impact of any single investment's poor performance.
- Negative external factors such as economic downturns, regulatory changes, or company scandals can lead to a decrease in a company's security prices.
- Operational risk involves challenges related to management quality, efficiency, and the competitive landscape affecting a business.
Foreign Investment and Currency Risk
- Financial risk arises when investors or businesses hold assets in foreign countries, exposing them to geopolitical and market fluctuations.
- Appreciation of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar may enhance the value of investments held domestically, as it increases purchasing power.
Risk Assessment and Measurement
- Risk measures, such as standard deviation, are utilized to assess the impact of various risks on mutual fund securities' values.
- Defensive investments usually exhibit lower volatility and demonstrate steady price changes over time, appealing to conservative investors.
Understanding Investment Risks
- Knowing the types of risks a security faces is crucial for assessing a mutual fund's volatility and potential performance.
- Higher volatility investments are associated with the potential for higher returns due to the associated risks of drastic price changes.
Financial Ratios and Analysis
- The duration of a zero-coupon bond is equal to its time to maturity since it does not pay periodic interest.
- Mutual fund documents, including simplified prospectuses and Fund Facts, outline key information about the fund’s objectives, performance, and risks.
- Currency risk involves uncertainties arising from exchange rate fluctuations, impacting profits for investors managing foreign assets.
Profitability and Financial Health
- Riskier investments are linked to higher expected returns to compensate for greater uncertainty and variability in performance.
- Profitability ratios measure a company's efficiency in generating profits from its resources and operations.
- Financial ratios are primarily employed for comparative analysis, assessing company performance over time.
- Profitability ratios provide insights into operational effectiveness and overall financial health.
Short-Term Obligations and Debt Management
- Liquidity ratios assess a company's ability to meet short-term obligations, critical for maintaining operational stability.
- Portfolio managers utilize financial ratios to evaluate investment performance, financial health, and identify growth opportunities.
- The debt-equity ratio indicates the proportion of company financing that comes from debt versus equity, impacting risk assessment.
Portfolio Performance and Realizations
- A portfolio’s downtrend during specific scenarios is often due to market fluctuations or poor asset performance rather than realized losses.
- Gains or losses remain unrealized in a portfolio until the securities are sold, impacting the perceived value.
- Substantial portfolio gains are typically observed when the securities perform well in favorable market conditions.
- Dividend payments can significantly enhance the end value of a portfolio, particularly in scenarios where performance is otherwise flat.
Fluctuations and Portfolio Dynamics
- The risk associated with fluctuations in security prices occurs primarily during market trading hours, influenced by external market factors.
- Dividend impacts on overall portfolio performance depend on the context of other holdings and market conditions.
- The realization of gains or losses in a portfolio ultimately hinges on whether and when the underlying securities are sold.
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Description
Test your knowledge on currency risks, a form of financial risk that occurs when investors or businesses have assets in foreign countries and require foreign currency. This quiz covers the concept of exchange rates and how they affect investments in foreign currencies.
