2Q_Sabrina_English

Cause and Effect

• Cause refers to the reason behind an event, action, or situation. It is the motivating factor that leads to a particular occurrence. Understanding the cause helps in analyzing how different events are interlinked, and it often requires an examination of the context and circumstances surrounding the action.
• Effect is the result or consequence of the cause. It describes what happens as a result of the cause and helps to elucidate the impact of the original action. Effects can be immediate or long-term, and recognizing them is essential for understanding the full scope of causation.
• Signal word indicating a result is "so" , which often indicates a direct relationship where the effect follows the cause in a logical sequence. Recognizing these signal words is crucial for identifying and understanding cause-and-effect relationships in both written and spoken contexts.
• Effect in the sentence "The streets were wet because it rained heavily" is the wet streets. This sentence illustrates how an observed effect (wet streets) can be traced back to a specific cause (heavy rain), providing clarity on the relationship through the use of the conjunction "because."
• To find the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship, ask "Why?". This method of inquiry prompts deeper thinking about the reasons behind events and can also help in uncovering more subtle or complex causes that may not be immediately apparent.
• A possible effect of the cause "She was tired" could be "She fell asleep early.". This example highlights how a person's state (tiredness) can lead to a specific behavior (falling asleep), linking a mental or emotional state directly to action.
• The cause in the example "We forgot to water the plants, so they wilted" is forgetting to water the plants. This demonstrates a straightforward cause-and-effect scenario where negligence directly leads to an undesirable outcome, allowing for lessons about responsibility and care.
• "The dog barked loudly, so the neighbors woke up." correctly identifies the cause (barking dog) and the effect (neighbors waking up). The direct relationship established by "so" helps to clarify how one action (the barking) influenced the behavior of another group (the neighbors).
• A possible signal word that introduces a cause is "because." This word is instrumental in providing justification for the effect, enabling clearer communication of reasoning in both written and verbal expressions. Its use can help clarify motives or conditions leading to specific outcomes.
• A possible cause for the effect "The team won the game" could be "They played strategically and scored more points.". This highlights that outcomes in sports, as in many other areas, can often be traced back to strategic planning and execution, showcasing the importance of preparation and teamwork in achieving goals.
• "Effect" refers to the outcome or consequence of something happening. Understanding effects is critical for evaluating the impacts of actions in a broader context. It also allows individuals to learn from past experiences and make informed choices in the future based on observed outcomes.

Sentence Structure

• The four main parts of a sentence are subject, verb, object, and complement.
• Simple sentence contains only one main thought.
• Dependent clause relies on an independent clause to function grammatically, while an independent clause can stand alone.
• Compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
• "Although it was raining, we went for a walk." is an example of a complex sentence.
• Coordinating conjunctions connect the clauses in a compound sentence.
• A sentence containing two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction is a compound sentence.
• Subordinating conjunctions include although, because, since, while, unless, before, after, when, if.
• Simple questions are typically short and direct, often beginning with a question word.
• A sentence is considered an independent clause when it expresses a complete thought and can stand alone grammatically.

Literary Devices

• Metaphor is used in the phrase "Time is a thief" to compare time to a thief, highlighting its ability to steal moments.
• The sentence "The river flowed like a ribbon through the valley." uses a simile to compare the river's flow to a ribbon.
• "The wind whispered secrets through the trees." is personification, giving human-like characteristics to the wind.
• Simile is used in "Her eyes sparkled like diamonds." to compare her eyes' sparkle to diamonds.
• "The world is a stage" illustrates the concept of metaphor, comparing the world to a stage.
• Hyperbole is best represented by the phrase "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.".

Compound Nouns

• "Headmaster" is an example of a closed form compound noun.
• "Sister-in-law" is a type of compound noun called a hyphenated compound noun.
• "Ice cream" is a compound noun formed by combining two words: ice and cream.
• *"Compound nouns are formed by combining two or more words" correctly identifies the nature of compound nouns.
• "Ice cream" is a closed form compound noun.
• "Self-esteem" is a hyphenated compound noun.
• "Snowman" is an example of an open form compound noun.
• You can identify a compound noun by seeing two or more words that function as a single unit.
• "Firefly" is an example that does not illustrate a closed form compound noun.
• Compound nouns can be formed in various ways, including open, closed, and hyphenated.

Organization of Books

• The primary purpose of the cover and title page of a book is to provide a visual introduction and basic information.
• Table of contents in a book helps to outline the structure and organization of the book.
• A glossary typically includes definitions of specialized terms used in the book.
• An index helps readers to locate specific information within the book.
• Books can be made from various materials, including paper, leather, and digital formats.
• Appreciation for a book's organization enhances information retrieval and comprehension.
• The title page is important in a book because it provides essential information like the book's title, author, and publisher.
• A book can be organized in various ways, including linear, non-linear, and thematic.
• Images in a book can provide visual representation, enhance understanding, and add aesthetic appeal.
• Digital books offer versatility, portability, and accessibility.

Possessive Nouns

• The correct possessive form of a singular noun is created by adding 's (e.g., the dog's bone).
• The possessive form of a plural noun that ends in -s is created by adding just an apostrophe (e.g., the birds' nests).
• *"John's book" is an example of a possessive noun.
• The correct possessive form of "the room of the teachers" is "the teachers’ room".
• The possessive noun form for "the toys of the baby" is "the baby’s toys".
• The sentence "The cat’s tail was fluffy" incorrectly uses a possessive noun because "cats" should be used as the possessive form.
• A possessive noun indicates ownership or possession.
• "The children’s toys" illustrates the correct plural possessive form.
• "The birds’ wings" is the correct possessive noun form for "the wings of the birds".
• "The childrens’ toys" demonstrates confusion between plural and possessive nouns.