Blood Physiology

Blood is a connective tissue in liquid form that is known as fluid of life( because it carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide from all parts is the big to the lung),fliid of growth ( because it carries nutritive substance s from the endocrine glands, hormones and digestive system to all the body tissue) and fluid of health ( because it protects the body from diseases and removes waste products with the use of the excretory organs)

-Arterial blood (which is the blood that is pumped from the heart throughout the body) is red in color because it is oxygen rich -Venous blood (which is the blood that returns to the heart after circulating throughout the body) is purple red because it is carbon dioxide rich -Average blood volume in a normal adult is 5L -Average blood volume in a newborn is 450ml, it increases during growth and reaches 5L at puberty -Blood takes about 8% of the body weight -Blood is slightly alkaline and has a pH of 7.4 in normal condition -The specific gravity of blood is 1.05-1.06g/L -Blood is five times more viscous than water because of the red blood cells and plasma protein

70kg

<p>It is thenoxygen rich blood that is pumped from the heart to the arteries it travels from the left ventricles through the aorta and is delivered to various tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the deoxygenated blood that travels back to the heart after circulating the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.05-1.06 g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slightly alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquid components ( plasma ) -solid components ( WBC RBC platelets)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a protein colouring pigment called HAEMOGLOBIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5 million/cumm -5.5 million/cumm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5.0 million/cu mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5 million/cu mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disk shaped and biconcave ( dumbbell shaped)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-it helps with equal and rapid diffusion of oxygen and other substances into the interior of the cell -it provides large surface are for absorbtion and removal of different substances -it ensures minimal tension in the membrane -ability to squeeze between capillaries without getting damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-it lacks nucleus (no DNA) mitochondria and golgi body -it has a lifespan of 120 days -it contains 45% of the blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45©</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pcv( packed cell volume ): it is the portion of blood occupied by RBC expressed in percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematocrit value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffy coat, it consist of WBC and platelets, it takes less than one percent in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-transport of respiratory gases( oxyhaemoglobin and carbhaemoglobin)- buffering action: haemoglobin in RBC function as a good buffer by regulating the hydrogen ion concentration to maintain acid-base balance -Blood group determination: RBC'S contains blood group antigens like antigens A, antigens B and RH factors that determines blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the process of production, development and maturation of erythrocytes (red blood cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenchyme of the yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver ( main organ) spleen and lymphoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow of long and flat bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vetebra, sternum. Ribs, scapula, iliac bones and skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are primary cells that are capable of self renewal and differentiating into specialized cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PHSC cells becomes committed PHSC when the types of blood cells to produce has been determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2, -LSC( Lymphoid stem cells) -CFU( colony forming unit cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce lymphocytes and natural killer ( NK )cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They give rise to myleoid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are blood cells other than lymphocytes i.e basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CFU_erythrocytes( CFU-E): this unit develop into erthrocytes -CFU_granulocytes/monocytes:this unit developes into granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and monocytes -CFU_megakaryocytes(CFU-M):This unit developes into platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>proerythroblast(synthesis of haemoglobin starts) -early normoblast ( nucleoli disappears) - intermediate normoblast ( haemoglobin starts appearing) -late normoblast ( nucleus disappears) -reticulocyte ( reticulum is formed )- matured erythrocytes ( reticulum disappears)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-General factors -Maturation factors - Factors necessary for haemoglobin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>Erythropoietin ( produced by the kidney during hypoxia) -Thyroxine - Hemopoietic growth factors ( known as growth inducers are the interleukin ( IL 3,6,11) and stem cell factor - Vitamins(B,C D,E)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-- Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): essential for maturation of red blood cells -Intrinsic factor of castle: essential for the absorbtion of vitamin B12 from the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic factor of castle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti pernicious factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the rate at which erythrocytes settle down</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedimentation rate, sed rate, biernacki reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps with diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colourless</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irregular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>WBC, 18(backwards u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>half to 15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.4 (backwards u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-vitamins: C(ascorbic acid ) b2 (riboflavin) B3 (niacin) B6(pyridoxine) -copper: for the absorbtion if iron from the intestines -iron: the the formation of the haeme part of hemoglobin -protein: amino acid for the protein part of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To absorb iron from the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than(&lt;) or equal to 15 mm/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than(&lt;) or equal to 20 mm/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than(&lt;) or equal to 10 mm/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than(&lt;) or equal to 0-2 mm/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4000-11000 cu/mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-diapedesis: is the process by which leukocytes squeeze through narrow blood vessels -ameboid movement: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes exhibit amebic movement characterized by their change in shape -chemotaxis: is the attraction of WBC to injured tissues by the chemical substance released at the injury site -phagocytosis: neutrophils and monocytes engulf foreign bodies by the process of phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-it is colourless -its normal volume is 4000-11000 cu/mm -its has a irregular shape -it has diameter of 18 -it has nucleus -its has a lifespan of 0.5-15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-Granulocytes: leukocytes that have granules e.g basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils. -Agranulocytes: leukocytes that do not have granules e.g monocytes lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils ( granules with acidic and basic stains) Eosinophils (granules with acidic stains) Basophils ( granules with basic stains)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have coarse granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pink or red stains , biloped or spectacle shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purple blue or methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biloped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-14, 8-10 ( backwards u)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a straw colored fluid that takes up to 55 percent of blood and contains 91-92% of water and 8-9% of solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic substances (carbohydrates, fat, amino acids, enzymes, plasma protein, antibodies, internal secretion and non protein nitrogenous substances) inorganic substances (gases ( oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen) minerals (sodium magnesium chloride iodide potassium iron copper)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is plasma without clotting factor ( fibrogen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticuloendothelial of the liver, mesenchyme cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum albumin ( maintains colloidal osmotic pressure). Serum globulin (alpha and beta helps in transportation of substances)(gamma helps in body defense)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a clotting factor the clots blood to prevent blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Coagulation of blood (fibrogen). 2. Transportation of substances around the body (albumin, alpha and beta globulin). 3. They are responsible for ESR. 4. They are responsible for blood viscosity 5. Defense against microbes and diseases ( gamma globulin). 6. Maintenance of osmotic pressure. 7. Serves as a sources of energy reserve</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>they are the largest leukocytes with a diameter of 14-18 ( backwards u). -they have clear cytoplasm( no granules). - the nucleus are oval/round/horseshoe/bean/ kidney shaped. -The nucleus can be in the center or pushed to the side with a large amount of cytoplasm seen</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a condition characterized by the abnormally high level of protein in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a condition characterized by a abnormally low level of protein in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-they have clear cytoplasm without granules -nucleus is oval/ bean/ kidney shaped -the nucleus occupies the whole cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-T lymphocytes: cells that are concerned with cellular immunity -B lymphocytes: cells that are concerned with humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small, colourless and non nucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are responsible for blood clotting by forming prothrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-Diameter:2.5 (2-4). Backwards u -Volume 7.5 (7-8) backwards u. -Shape:viz, spherical and rod shaped when activated. Oval or disk shaped when inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated platelets develop processes and filopodia while inactivated are without processes and filopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are cellular protrusion containing bundles of actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help the platelets to cover wounded area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>250,000 cu/mm it ranges between 200,000-400,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age: platelets count are less in infant and reaches normal value at 3rd month after birth. -Sex:males and females have the same platelets count. -Aftermeal: platelets count increases after meal. -High altitude: platelets count increases in high altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Transportation of respiratory gases 2. Transportation of nutrient 3. Transportation of hormones and enzymes 4. Transportation of metabolic waste products 5. Regulation of blood temperature 6. Regulation of acid-base balance 7. Regulation of water balance 8. Defense against germs and diseases</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Anaemia 2. Polycythemia 3. Leukemia 4. Leukopenia 5. Cancer of the blood cells 6. Hypoxia 7. Hemophilia 8. Haemorrhage 9. Thalassemia 10. Hemoglobinopathies</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Aplastic anaemia: failure of bone marrow to produce new blood cells for the body. 2. Iron deficiency anaemia: caused by the deficiency of iron in blood 3. Suckle cell anaemia: it is caused by genetic changes( mutation) that leads to abnormal blood cells and affect haemoglobin gene 4. Thalassemia: low haemoglobin production 5. Vitamin deficiency</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pellgra, scurvy, ticket, malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a condition characterized by abnormally high RBC count in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a condition which is characterized by abnormally or uncontrollably increase in leukocytes (more than 1000000 cu/mm)it is also known as blood cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a medical condition characterized by lack of oxygen in tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a rare genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly due to the deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a medical term for blood loss due to injury, disease or other condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by the the reduced or defective production of haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a genetic disorder caused by abnormal polypeptide chains of haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs when abnormal cell in bone marrow or blood grow uncontrollably, disrupting the production and functions of healthy blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers