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Questions and Answers
List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant.
List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils
Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.
Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.
erythrocytes and protein
The structure of hemoglobin consists of _____ chains.
The structure of hemoglobin consists of _____ chains.
four
Two of the chains are ____ and two are beta proteins.
Two of the chains are ____ and two are beta proteins.
Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group.
Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group.
This group contains an _____ ion in the center.
This group contains an _____ ion in the center.
This center portion will reversibly bind ____.
This center portion will reversibly bind ____.
Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen ______ transport and can be detected by the kidneys and liver.
Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen ______ transport and can be detected by the kidneys and liver.
When detected, ______ is produced and secreted.
When detected, ______ is produced and secreted.
EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to _________ RBCs.
EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to _________ RBCs.
This will result in an increase of _________ transport throughout the body.
This will result in an increase of _________ transport throughout the body.
Thus, the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ______ feedback loop.
Thus, the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ______ feedback loop.
There are ______ hemostatic mechanisms.
There are ______ hemostatic mechanisms.
First, _____ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.
First, _____ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.
In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation.
In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation.
Degranulation ____________ hemostasis.
Degranulation ____________ hemostasis.
__________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.
__________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.
What are compatible transfusions for blood types?
What are compatible transfusions for blood types?
What are incompatible transfusions?
What are incompatible transfusions?
Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply.
Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply.
In the Rh blood group, hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if there is a _________ between mother and fetus.
In the Rh blood group, hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if there is a _________ between mother and fetus.
If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus during the first pregnancy, the ____________ prevents mixing of the blood.
If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus during the first pregnancy, the ____________ prevents mixing of the blood.
At birth, tearing can expose the mother to Rh+ blood, and she will begin to produce ________ antibodies.
At birth, tearing can expose the mother to Rh+ blood, and she will begin to produce ________ antibodies.
During subsequent pregnancies, her antibodies may cross the placenta and cause _______ in the newborn.
During subsequent pregnancies, her antibodies may cross the placenta and cause _______ in the newborn.
After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that, in turn, converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.
After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that, in turn, converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.
Choose the statement(s) that describe(s) hemolytic disease of the newborn. Check all that apply.
Choose the statement(s) that describe(s) hemolytic disease of the newborn. Check all that apply.
Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.
Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.
In the ABO blood group, ___________ need to be matched.
In the ABO blood group, ___________ need to be matched.
It is important that the ____________ in the plasma do not react with the RBCs.
It is important that the ____________ in the plasma do not react with the RBCs.
If an incorrect match is made, _________ RBCs become agglutinated.
If an incorrect match is made, _________ RBCs become agglutinated.
This clumping will occur in the recipient's plasma and will affect blood __________ to vital organs.
This clumping will occur in the recipient's plasma and will affect blood __________ to vital organs.
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
Characteristics of AB+ include:
Characteristics of AB+ include:
Characteristics of O- blood type include:
Characteristics of O- blood type include:
These situations increase the cell type: Erythrocytes (high altitude), B Lymphocytes (influenza infection), etc.
These situations increase the cell type: Erythrocytes (high altitude), B Lymphocytes (influenza infection), etc.
These situations have relatively no change to the cell type.
These situations have relatively no change to the cell type.
These situations decrease the cell type: Erythrocytes (dietary iron deficiency), etc.
These situations decrease the cell type: Erythrocytes (dietary iron deficiency), etc.
Vascular spasm includes:
Vascular spasm includes:
Platelet plug formation includes:
Platelet plug formation includes:
Coagulation:
Coagulation:
__________ is the most abundant plasma protein. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
__________ is the most abundant plasma protein. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
An individual with A antigens on their RBCs but no B antigens has which ABO blood type?
An individual with A antigens on their RBCs but no B antigens has which ABO blood type?
Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply.
Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply.
What is the function of fibrin?
What is the function of fibrin?
As an RBC ages and its membrane ______ deteriorates, the membrane becomes fragile.
As an RBC ages and its membrane ______ deteriorates, the membrane becomes fragile.
Without a __________, the RBC cannot synthesize the protein spectrin found in the membrane.
Without a __________, the RBC cannot synthesize the protein spectrin found in the membrane.
Additionally, the kidneys can break up an RBC and split the _________ molecules up to release recyclable portions.
Additionally, the kidneys can break up an RBC and split the _________ molecules up to release recyclable portions.
Many of these deteriorated RBCs die in the _______.
Many of these deteriorated RBCs die in the _______.
Study Notes
Formed Elements in Blood
- Elements include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
- Leukocytes categorized by abundance: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils.
Hemoglobin Structure
- Hemoglobin consists of four chains: two alpha and two beta proteins.
- Each chain is conjugated to a heme group, containing an iron ion at the center which binds reversibly to oxygen.
Hypoxemia and Erythropoiesis
- Hypoxemia refers to inadequate oxygen transport, detected by kidneys and liver.
- Detection of hypoxemia triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production, stimulating red bone marrow to produce RBCs, enhancing oxygen transport.
- Correction of hypoxemia operates as a negative feedback loop.
Hemostasis
- Three hemostatic mechanisms: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
- Vascular spasm involves constriction of damaged blood vessels to reduce hemorrhage.
- Platelet plug formation includes aggregation of platelets and degranulation, promoting hemostasis.
- Coagulation finishes hemostasis by clotting the blood, converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
Blood Compatibility and Transfusions
- Compatible transfusions: O- can be given to A+ and O+, and B can be given to AB+.
- Incompatible transfusions can lead to agglutination of donor RBCs, disrupting blood flow to vital organs.
Rh Factor and Hemolytic Disease
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs with mismatch in Rh factors between mother and fetus.
- The placenta typically prevents blood mixing; however, at birth, exposure can lead to anti-D antibody production in the mother.
- Subsequent pregnancies can cause anemia in Rh+ newborns if the mother has developed anti-D antibodies.
Coagulation Pathways
- Intrinsic pathway utilizes clotting factors found in blood; extrinsic pathway is initiated by factors released from damaged vessels.
- Both pathways contribute to the common pathway of coagulation.
Blood Cell Counts
- Normal blood sample abundance: Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes with Neutrophils and Lymphocytes being most common types of leukocytes.
- Specific conditions affecting cell types:
- Increased erythrocytes with high altitude or long term hypoxia.
- Elevated basophils with chronic asthma.
- Eosinophils rise during tapeworm infection.
- Dietary iron deficiency and acute hemorrhage reduce erythrocyte counts.
Stages of Hemostasis
- Vascular spasm: first stage involving vasoconstriction.
- Platelet plug formation: second stage, characterized by disruption of prostacyclin and exposure of endothelial collagen.
- Coagulation: final stage involving clotting, with intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.
Plasma Proteins and Blood Types
- Albumin is most abundant plasma protein, influencing blood volume, pressure, and flow.
- Type A blood has only A antigens; AB+ is universal acceptor, while O- is the universal donor.
Hemophilia
- A sex-linked recessive disorder primarily affects males, with classical hemophilia linked to factor VIII deficiency and Hemophilia B to factor IX deficiency.
Role of Fibrin
- Fibrin provides the framework for blood clot formation.
Aging of Red Blood Cells
- Aging leads to protein deterioration in RBC membranes, resulting in fragility.
- Without a nucleus, RBCs cannot synthesize membrane proteins like spectrin.
- Aging RBCs are often broken down in the spleen, recycling parts such as hemoglobin.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of human blood components, including the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Learn about hemoglobin structure, the process of erythropoiesis in response to hypoxemia, and the mechanisms of hemostasis. This quiz will test your understanding of these critical physiological concepts.
