Human Blood Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant.

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

erythrocytes and protein

The structure of hemoglobin consists of _____ chains.

four

Two of the chains are ____ and two are beta proteins.

alpha Signup and view all the answers

Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group.

heme Signup and view all the answers

This group contains an _____ ion in the center.

iron Signup and view all the answers

This center portion will reversibly bind ____.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxemia is inadequate oxygen ______ transport and can be detected by the kidneys and liver.

transport Signup and view all the answers

When detected, ______ is produced and secreted.

erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

EPO will stimulate the red bone marrow to _________ RBCs.

produce Signup and view all the answers

This will result in an increase of _________ transport throughout the body.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Thus, the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ______ feedback loop.

negative Signup and view all the answers

There are ______ hemostatic mechanisms.

three Signup and view all the answers

First, _____ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage.

vascular Signup and view all the answers

In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation.

aggregate Signup and view all the answers

Degranulation ____________ hemostasis.

promotes Signup and view all the answers

__________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What are compatible transfusions for blood types?

O- given to A+ (A), O- given to O+ (B), B- given to AB+ (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are incompatible transfusions?

A+ given to O- (A), AB- given to O+ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply.

The intrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. (A), In most cases of bleeding, both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work simultaneously to contribute to hemostasis. (B), The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Rh blood group, hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if there is a _________ between mother and fetus.

mismatch Signup and view all the answers

If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus during the first pregnancy, the ____________ prevents mixing of the blood.

placenta Signup and view all the answers

At birth, tearing can expose the mother to Rh+ blood, and she will begin to produce ________ antibodies.

anti-D Signup and view all the answers

During subsequent pregnancies, her antibodies may cross the placenta and cause _______ in the newborn.

anemia Signup and view all the answers

After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that, in turn, converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.

plasmin Signup and view all the answers

Choose the statement(s) that describe(s) hemolytic disease of the newborn. Check all that apply.

If she becomes pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes. (A), The first pregnancy is likely to be uneventful because the placenta normally prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing. (B), At the time of birth, or if a miscarriage occurs, placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies. (C), It occurs when an Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Place the following formed elements in order of abundance in a normal blood sample, beginning with the most numerous.

Erythrocytes = Most abundant Platelets = Second Leukocytes = Third Neutrophils = Most abundant leukocyte Lymphocytes = Second most abundant leukocyte Monocytes = Least abundant leukocyte Signup and view all the answers

In the ABO blood group, ___________ need to be matched.

transfusions Signup and view all the answers

It is important that the ____________ in the plasma do not react with the RBCs.

antibodies Signup and view all the answers

If an incorrect match is made, _________ RBCs become agglutinated.

donor Signup and view all the answers

This clumping will occur in the recipient's plasma and will affect blood __________ to vital organs.

flow Signup and view all the answers

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of AB+ include:

Expresses all of the major antigens (A), The universal acceptor (D) Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of O- blood type include:

The universal donor (A), The most common U.S. blood type (B), Expresses all of the major antibodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

These situations increase the cell type: Erythrocytes (high altitude), B Lymphocytes (influenza infection), etc.

Erythrocytes: high altitude (A), B Lymphocytes: influenza infection (B), Eosinophils: tapeworm infection (C) Signup and view all the answers

These situations have relatively no change to the cell type.

Erythrocytes: acute viral infection Signup and view all the answers

These situations decrease the cell type: Erythrocytes (dietary iron deficiency), etc.

Erythrocytes: dietary iron deficiency (A), Erythrocytes: erythropoietin hyposecretion (B), Erythrocytes: acute, profuse hemorrhage (C) Signup and view all the answers

Vascular spasm includes:

The first stage in hemostasis (A), Involves vasoconstriction (B), Reduces blood loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

Platelet plug formation includes:

The second stage in hemostasis (A), Involves the disruption of prostacyclin (B), Involves endothelial collagen exposure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Coagulation:

The last stage in hemostasis (A), Also known as clotting (B), Involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (C) Signup and view all the answers

__________ is the most abundant plasma protein. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

An individual with A antigens on their RBCs but no B antigens has which ABO blood type?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply.

Classical hemophilia is caused by a lack of factor VIII. (A), It has a sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity. (B), Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. (C), Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrin?

Fibrin creates the framework of a blood clot. Signup and view all the answers

As an RBC ages and its membrane ______ deteriorates, the membrane becomes fragile.

proteins Signup and view all the answers

Without a __________, the RBC cannot synthesize the protein spectrin found in the membrane.

nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Additionally, the kidneys can break up an RBC and split the _________ molecules up to release recyclable portions.

hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Many of these deteriorated RBCs die in the _______.

spleen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Formed Elements in Blood

Elements include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Leukocytes categorized by abundance: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Basophils.

Hemoglobin Structure

Hemoglobin consists of four chains: two alpha and two beta proteins.
Each chain is conjugated to a heme group, containing an iron ion at the center which binds reversibly to oxygen.

Hypoxemia and Erythropoiesis

Hypoxemia refers to inadequate oxygen transport, detected by kidneys and liver.
Detection of hypoxemia triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production, stimulating red bone marrow to produce RBCs, enhancing oxygen transport.
Correction of hypoxemia operates as a negative feedback loop.

Hemostasis

Three hemostatic mechanisms: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
Vascular spasm involves constriction of damaged blood vessels to reduce hemorrhage.
Platelet plug formation includes aggregation of platelets and degranulation, promoting hemostasis.
Coagulation finishes hemostasis by clotting the blood, converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

Blood Compatibility and Transfusions

Compatible transfusions: O- can be given to A+ and O+, and B can be given to AB+.
Incompatible transfusions can lead to agglutination of donor RBCs, disrupting blood flow to vital organs.

Rh Factor and Hemolytic Disease

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs with mismatch in Rh factors between mother and fetus.
The placenta typically prevents blood mixing; however, at birth, exposure can lead to anti-D antibody production in the mother.
Subsequent pregnancies can cause anemia in Rh+ newborns if the mother has developed anti-D antibodies.

Coagulation Pathways

Intrinsic pathway utilizes clotting factors found in blood; extrinsic pathway is initiated by factors released from damaged vessels.
Both pathways contribute to the common pathway of coagulation.

Blood Cell Counts

Normal blood sample abundance: Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes with Neutrophils and Lymphocytes being most common types of leukocytes.
Specific conditions affecting cell types:
- Increased erythrocytes with high altitude or long term hypoxia.
- Elevated basophils with chronic asthma.
- Eosinophils rise during tapeworm infection.
Dietary iron deficiency and acute hemorrhage reduce erythrocyte counts.

Stages of Hemostasis

Vascular spasm: first stage involving vasoconstriction.
Platelet plug formation: second stage, characterized by disruption of prostacyclin and exposure of endothelial collagen.
Coagulation: final stage involving clotting, with intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.

Plasma Proteins and Blood Types

Albumin is most abundant plasma protein, influencing blood volume, pressure, and flow.
Type A blood has only A antigens; AB+ is universal acceptor, while O- is the universal donor.

Hemophilia

A sex-linked recessive disorder primarily affects males, with classical hemophilia linked to factor VIII deficiency and Hemophilia B to factor IX deficiency.

Role of Fibrin

Fibrin provides the framework for blood clot formation.

Aging of Red Blood Cells

Aging leads to protein deterioration in RBC membranes, resulting in fragility.
Without a nucleus, RBCs cannot synthesize membrane proteins like spectrin.
Aging RBCs are often broken down in the spleen, recycling parts such as hemoglobin.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of human blood components, including the roles of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Learn about hemoglobin structure, the process of erythropoiesis in response to hypoxemia, and the mechanisms of hemostasis. This quiz will test your understanding of these critical physiological concepts.