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Questions and Answers
What does culture refer to?
What does culture refer to?
Culture refers to a system of acquired knowledge, habits, rules, norms, communication, beliefs, and values that are shared in a specific community.
What is emphasized in a cultural approach in psychology?
What is emphasized in a cultural approach in psychology?
Personality structure is offered in the African approach to psychology.
Personality structure is offered in the African approach to psychology.
False
Eastern psychologies are influenced by ______ and ______.
Eastern psychologies are influenced by ______ and ______.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?
What is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?
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Who is associated with the development of the psychoanalytic paradigm in psychology?
Who is associated with the development of the psychoanalytic paradigm in psychology?
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Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
Gestalt psychology emphasizes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
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What is the main belief of behaviorism regarding the study of human nature and the mind?
What is the main belief of behaviorism regarding the study of human nature and the mind?
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__________ emphasizes the functions of consciousness and individual differences.
__________ emphasizes the functions of consciousness and individual differences.
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Match the following approaches to their descriptions:
Match the following approaches to their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Frameworks for Thought and Practice in I-O Psychology
Structuralism (1875-1920s)
- Influenced by physical/natural sciences
- Focus on studying the structure of the human mind or consciousness
- Analysed consciousness into basic elements (e.g., feelings, physical sensations, thoughts)
- Method of introspection: self-observation of one's immediate experience of a stimulus
- Criticisms: too simplistic, subjective approach, and unreliable method
- Contributions: establishing psychology as a science, scientific inquiry, and systematic methods
Functionalism (1888-1912)
- Emphasized the functions of consciousness and awareness of experiences
- Influenced by evolution theory (Darwin)
- Believed that the human mind is not static, but an adaptable process
- Studied individual differences through heredity and mental abilities
- Criticisms: only emphasizing functional behavior and learning
- Methods: observation tests, animal research, experiments, and statistics
Behaviourism (1920-1960s ongoing)
- Referred to as the 'first force' in psychology
- Focus on observable behavior and stimulus-response associations
- Recognized the role of internal, cognitive processes and genetics in learning
- Emphasized association between stimuli and responses
- Subdivided into:
- Classical conditioning (Watson)
- Operant conditioning (Skinner)
- Social cognitive approaches (e.g., observational learning, Bandura)
Gestalt (1900-1930)
- Emphasized the wholeness (Gestalt) of experience, not just individual elements
- Focus on integrated, holistic understanding of human behavior and personality
- Gestalt principles applied to understanding culture, groups, and organizational climate
Psychoanalytic Paradigm (1885-1960s and ongoing)
- Founded by Sigmund Freud
- Studied the psyche by analyzing unconscious processes
- Uses process of free association
- Three levels of consciousness: conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious
- Three psychic structures: id, ego, and super-ego
- Defence mechanisms: e.g., projection, repression
- Understanding unconscious processes and conflicts leads to deeper understanding of issues
Humanism (1950s ongoing)
- Focus on what it means to be human: integrated, whole beings with worth, potential, and rationality
- Developed in response to increasing technology and growth
- Emphasized self-actualization, autonomy, and self-fulfillment
- Human-management relations approach: employee as a person who wants to be recognized, supported, and grow personally
Cognitive Psychology
- Developed in response to behaviorism
- Focus on higher mental processes, cognition, and the relationship between body and mind
- How people form their cognitive constructs (understanding of the world)
- Increasing digitalization has facilitated the use of cognitive perspectives
Biological and Evolutionary Perspectives
- Biological psychology: focus on how biological processes influence behavior, feelings, and thinking
- Evolutionary psychology: human behavior and attributes are predetermined or genetically programmed
Positive Psychology
- Focus on strengths and virtues in people
- Study of human mind should focus on positive aspects of human functioning
- Emphasizes self-knowledge, self-awareness, and internal strengths
- No theory on personality, but agrees with humanist assumptions on positive regard and self-actualizing aspects
Trait Psychology
- Theory on personality research and assessment
- Trait concepts based on a broad base of psychological knowledge
- Human behavior characterized by enduring traits and patterns of behavior
- Traits considered neuro-psychic structures that indicate certain attributes and behavior
Socio-Cultural Approach
- Emphasized the influence of socio-cultural factors on human behavior
- Culture refers to a system of acquired knowledge, habits, rules, norms, communication, beliefs, and values
- Cultural approach emphasizes the need to consider the context and relevance of knowledge and practice
African Approach
- Unique cultural or indigenous African context and thinking
- Understanding the human psyche is to understand the relatedness of people to the greater cosmos
- Emphasis on communal identity, social order, and interconnectedness
- Ubuntu is central to the true ethos of being African: reflects in interpersonal and interactional behavior
Eastern/Asia Approaches
- Influenced by religion and philosophy (e.g., Hinduism and Buddhism)
- Emphasis on various states of consciousness, less emphasis on the I or ego-identity
- An emphasis on collectivism, unity, and connection in and with the cosmos, nature, and other people
- Personality adjustment and psychological well-being is optimal in the person who has developed a complete state of consciousness
Eco-Systemic Perspective
- Not a paradigm, but a way to think about phenomena
- System consists of subsystems, attributes, and relationships
- Human behavior can only be understood if the context is considered
- Emphasizes principles of Gestalt, holism, connectedness, contextualization, and dynamic systems
Utilizing Multiple Perspectives
- Metapsychology: scientific investigation of psychology as a science
- Metatheoretical assumptions need to be verified by research and practice
- Postmodernism: constructivism, deconstructivism, and social constructivism
- Thinking frameworks related to the nature of work and employees, and employee and organizational management
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Description
This chapter explores frameworks for thought and practice in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, psychoanalysis, and cognitive psychology.
