40 Questions
What is a common symptom of dehydration?
Complaints of thirst
What determines the movement of fluid between the interstitium and intravascular space?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure and tissue colloidal osmotic pressure
What is the primary function of the fluid compartments?
To maintain vascular volume and provide an environment for cellular metabolism
What is the term for the type of fluid volume excess where there is a proportionate gain in water and sodium?
Isotonic expansion
What is the name of the hormone that affects fluid output by regulating water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron?
ADH
What is a potential complication of isotonic fluid volume excess?
Pulmonary edema
What is the term for the type of fluid imbalance characterized by a gain in water without a corresponding gain in sodium?
Fluid concentration problem
What is the primary goal of treatment for isotonic fluid volume excess?
To restrict fluids and sodium
What will occur to blood pressure if an individual loses a significant amount of fluid?
It will be low even when laying down.
What is the primary response of the body to compensate for a decrease in blood pressure?
Increase in heart rate
What is the term for low blood volume?
Hypovolemia
What is the purpose of checking skin turgor?
To assess hydration status and elasticity of the skin
What is the term for a drop in blood pressure that occurs when an individual stands up from a laying down position?
Orthostatic hypotension
What is the effect of a fluid deficit on the body's ability to regulate temperature?
It increases the body's ability to retain heat
What is the term for a pulse that is weak and faint?
Thready pulse
What is the primary effect of a fluid deficit on circulation?
It impairs circulation
What is the normal serum level of sodium?
135-148 mEq/L
What is the primary function of sodium in the body?
Controlling the concentration of fluid
What is the name of the condition characterized by a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L?
Hyponatremia
What is a predisposing factor for hyponatremia?
Skin loss due to excessive sweating
What is a cause of hypernatremia?
Excessive sodium intake
What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in maintaining sodium levels?
It maintains sodium levels
What is a common source of sodium gain in a normal individual?
Diet
What is a common source of sodium loss in a normal individual?
All of the above
What is a common finding in patients with hyperkalemia due to the effect of potassium on nerve endings?
Paresthesia, numbness, and tingling
What is the effect of hyperkalemia on the heart?
Cardiac dysrhythmias and possible cardiac arrest
What is the treatment for mild hyperkalemia?
A low-potassium diet
What is the effect of hyperkalemia on smooth muscle in the GI tract?
Increased peristalsis and diarrhea
What is the consequence of severe hyperkalemia on the concentration gradient across the cell membrane?
The concentration gradient is lost, and the cell cannot repolarize
What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
Oral potassium supplements
What is the effect of hypokalemia on the generation of action potentials in nerve cells?
Easier to generate action potentials
What is the treatment for severe hyperkalemia with dysrhythmias or paralysis?
Dialysis to remove excess potassium
What is the primary function of calcium in the body?
To act as a membrane stabilizer
What percentage of calcium is present in the extracellular fluid?
0.1%
How does calcium affect the generation of an action potential?
It affects the ease of generating an action potential
What happens to the amount of free/ionized calcium when there is a change in how much calcium is bound to albumin?
It decreases
What percentage of calcium in the blood travels attached to plasma protein like albumin?
50%
Where is the majority of calcium stored in the body?
Bones and teeth
What is the charge carried by calcium?
2 electrical charges
What is the term for calcium's role in maintaining the electrical properties of the cell membrane?
Membrane stabilizer
This quiz covers the effects of hypovolemia, a deficit of blood volume, on blood pressure and circulation. It explains how impaired circulation and low blood pressure can occur when there is a lack of fluid in the body.
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