29 Questions
What is the most common ECG change associated with hypokalemia?
U wave
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of hyperkalemia?
Increased urination
What is the recommended rate for IV potassium replacement in hypokalemia?
10-20 mEq/hr
Which of the following is a key step in managing IV potassium replacement?
Mixing the potassium solution well before administration
What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?
Reduced kidney function
What is the recommended course of action for severe hypermagnesemia?
Administer IV or IM magnesium sulfate
Which condition is NOT listed as a common cause of hypermagnesemia?
Hypertension
What is the recommended antidote for magnesium sulfate overdosage?
Calcium gluconate
In the case of hypermagnesemia, what symptom might be observed in patients?
Generalized weakness
What is the correct method to treat respiratory depression associated with hypermagnesemia?
Mechanical ventilation
Which of the following is NOT a recommended step when managing severe hypermagnesemia?
Increase magnesium sulfate infusion rate
Which condition is characterized by a sodium level below 115 mEq/L?
Mild/chronic hyponatremia
What is the recommended treatment for severe/acute hyponatremia with sodium levels below 100 mEq/L?
Infuse hypertonic NaCl solution (3% or 5% NaCl)
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypernatremia?
All of the above
Which of the following is a symptom of hypernatremia?
All of the above
What is the normal range for potassium levels in the body?
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypokalemia (low potassium levels)?
All of the above
What is the primary function of calcium in the body?
Forming bones and teeth, and facilitating muscle contraction
What is the normal serum calcium level range?
8.5 - 10.5 mg/dl
Which of the following is a possible cause of hypocalcemia (low serum calcium levels)?
Pancreatitis or thyroid/parathyroid surgery
Which medication is used as an emergency treatment for the cardiac effects of hypocalcemia?
10% calcium gluconate
What is a common symptom of hypocalcemia?
Muscle twitching and paresthesias (numbness/tingling)
Which of the following is a major cause of hypercalcemia (high serum calcium levels)?
Cancer or hyperparathyroidism
What is the most common clinical manifestation of hypercalcemia?
Constipation
What is the primary mechanism by which calcium accumulates in the extracellular fluid (ECF) during hypercalcemia?
Calcium passes through the kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of hypomagnesemia?
Bradycardia
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
Cofactor for many enzymes and ATP utilization
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypomagnesemia?
Hyperglycemia
What is the recommended treatment for asymptomatic hypercalcemia?
Treat the underlying cause
Test your knowledge on managing hyponatremia and hypernatremia cases with different levels of severity. Learn about fluid restriction, hypertonic NaCl solution infusion, frusemide use, monitoring in the ICU, and more.
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