Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Treatment: Medical-Surgical Nursing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of cellular malnourishment in insulin deficiency?

  • Polyphagia (correct)
  • Weight loss and fatigue
  • Prolonged wound healing
  • Polydipsia and polyuria

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?

  • Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
  • Hyperglycemia, acidosis, and dehydration (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia and acidosis
  • Hypoglycemia and ketosis

    • What is the primary difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?

  • Effect on urination
  • Presence of ketosis
  • Level of glucose in the blood (correct)
  • Effect on appetite

    • What is a common precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Inadequate insulin dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a manifestation of type 2 DM?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a serious threat that occurs when action is not taken immediately to address hypoglycemia?

    <p>Insulin reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of giving a patient 15g of a simple carbohydrate during a hypoglycemic episode?

    <p>To rapidly increase blood glucose levels above 70mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient ingest a complex carbohydrate after a hypoglycemic episode?

    <p>To prevent a rebound hypoglycemic attack after recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a patient's blood glucose level is still below 70mg/dL after 2 or 3 doses of 15g of simple carbohydrate?

    <p>Contact the HCP for further instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for checking glucose levels during a hypoglycemic episode?

    <p>At least on an hourly basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of checking urine for ketones during a hypoglycemic episode?

    <p>To identify potential complications of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for an unconscious patient with severe hypoglycemia?

    <p>Subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of Poor absorption of insulin?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can trigger a rapid onset of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Illness, infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential symptom of high blood glucose levels that can affect daily activities?

    <p>Unsteady gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause a gradual onset of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Loss of weight without change in medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of Too much DM medication?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can mask the symptoms of high blood glucose levels?

    <p>Use of β-adrenergic blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the body to break down fat into ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>To compensate for insufficient insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely consequence of untreated diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Inevitable death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between type 1 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes is a common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of recognizing symptoms and treating them immediately in diabetic patients?

    <p>To prevent diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Dry mucous membranes and sweet fruity odor of acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in preventing diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>To facilitate glucose uptake for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum blood glucose level that indicates a laboratory finding of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>250mg/dL (13.9mmol/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of arterial blood pH in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>It is a diagnostic criterion for diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled blood glucose levels in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Cellular malnourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin deficiency in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Insulin deficiency leads to high blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of timely intervention in diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>It prevents serious complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying.pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Insulin deficiency and glucose excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Melitus

    • Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia are consequences of insulin deficiency, which prevents glucose from being used for energy.
    • Weight loss, weakness, and fatigue may also occur.

    Manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes

    • Fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, and vision problems are often nonspecific manifestations of type 2 diabetes.
    • Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia may also occur.

    Acute Complications of Diabetes

    • Acute complications arise from events associated with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
    • Hypoglycemia worsens rapidly and constitutes a serious threat if action is not immediately taken.

    Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

    • Hyperglycemia is characterized by high glucose levels, increased urination, and increased appetite, followed by anorexia, weakness, fatigue, and blurred vision.
    • Hypoglycemia is characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and mood swings.

    Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

    • DKA is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration.
    • Precipitating factors include illness, infection, inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, lack of education, understanding, or resources, and neglect.

    Treatment of Hypoglycemia

    • Conscious person: Give 15g of a simple carbohydrate, recheck blood glucose 15 minutes later, and repeat if necessary.
    • Unconscious person: Subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon, or IV administration of 25-50mL of 50% glucose.

    Preventive Measures for Hypoglycemia

    • Take prescribed medication as directed.
    • Check glucose frequently and check urine for ketones.
    • Drink fluids at least hourly.
    • Contact HCP about ketonuria.
    • Follow the Rule of 15.
    • Wear or carry DM identification.
    • Teach family and caregiver about symptoms and treatment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the treatment of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, including medication, glucose monitoring, and emergency procedures. This quiz is based on the Clinical Companion to Medical-Surgical Nursing E-book and covers key concepts in diabetes management.

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