Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Treatment: Medical-Surgical Nursing

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of cellular malnourishment in insulin deficiency?

  • Polyphagia (correct)
  • Weight loss and fatigue
  • Prolonged wound healing
  • Polydipsia and polyuria

Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?

  • Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
  • Hyperglycemia, acidosis, and dehydration (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia and acidosis
  • Hypoglycemia and ketosis

What is the primary difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?

  • Effect on urination
  • Presence of ketosis
  • Level of glucose in the blood (correct)
  • Effect on appetite

What is a common precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Inadequate insulin dosage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a manifestation of type 2 DM?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a serious threat that occurs when action is not taken immediately to address hypoglycemia?

<p>Insulin reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of giving a patient 15g of a simple carbohydrate during a hypoglycemic episode?

<p>To rapidly increase blood glucose levels above 70mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient ingest a complex carbohydrate after a hypoglycemic episode?

<p>To prevent a rebound hypoglycemic attack after recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a patient's blood glucose level is still below 70mg/dL after 2 or 3 doses of 15g of simple carbohydrate?

<p>Contact the HCP for further instructions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for checking glucose levels during a hypoglycemic episode?

<p>At least on an hourly basis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of checking urine for ketones during a hypoglycemic episode?

<p>To identify potential complications of hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for an unconscious patient with severe hypoglycemia?

<p>Subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of Poor absorption of insulin?

<p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can trigger a rapid onset of high blood glucose levels?

<p>Illness, infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential symptom of high blood glucose levels that can affect daily activities?

<p>Unsteady gait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause a gradual onset of high blood glucose levels?

<p>Loss of weight without change in medication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of Too much DM medication?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can mask the symptoms of high blood glucose levels?

<p>Use of β-adrenergic blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the body to break down fat into ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>To compensate for insufficient insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a likely consequence of untreated diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Inevitable death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between type 1 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Type 1 diabetes is a common cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of recognizing symptoms and treating them immediately in diabetic patients?

<p>To prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Dry mucous membranes and sweet fruity odor of acetone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in preventing diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>To facilitate glucose uptake for energy production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum blood glucose level that indicates a laboratory finding of diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>250mg/dL (13.9mmol/L) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of arterial blood pH in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>It is a diagnostic criterion for diabetic ketoacidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled blood glucose levels in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Cellular malnourishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin deficiency in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Insulin deficiency leads to high blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of timely intervention in diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>It prevents serious complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying.pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Insulin deficiency and glucose excess (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polyphagia in Insulin Deficiency

Excessive hunger resulting from cellular malnourishment due to insulin deficiency, as cells can't uptake glucose.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A dangerous complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), acidosis (blood too acidic), and dehydration.

Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia is high blood glucose. Hypoglycemia is low blood glucose.

Inadequate Insulin Dosage and DKA

Missing insulin doses can lead to DKA because the body can't process glucose properly.

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Insulin Reaction

A serious threat that occurs when action is not taken to immediately address hypoglycemia.

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Treating Hypoglycemia

The primary goal is to raise blood glucose above 70mg/dL.

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Complex Carbs Post-Hypoglycemia

Ingest a complex carbohydrate after treating hypoglycemia to stabilize blood glucose levels and prevent another dip.

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Persistent Hypoglycemia

Contact the Healthcare provider for guidance.

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Frequency of Glucose Checks in Hypoglycemia

Check glucose during a hypoglycemic episode at least every hour.

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Treating Unconscious Hypoglycemia Patient

In unconscious patients with severe hypoglycemia, administer a subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.

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Poor Insulin Absorption

Poor absorption of insulin can lead to Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

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Illness/Infection and Hyperglycemia

An illness or infection can trigger a rapid onset of high blood glucose levels.

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Unsteady Gait and Hyperglycemia

High blood glucose levels can result in an unsteady gait, affecting balance and coordination.

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Fat Breakdown in DKA

Leads to breaking down fat into ketones for energy due to lack of glucose use.

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Untreated DKA Consequence

Without treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis leads to inevitable death.

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Type 1 Diabetes and DKA

Type 1 diabetes is a common underlying cause of diabetic ketoacidosis due to absolute insulin deficiency.

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Preventing DKA

Immediate treatment of symptoms prevents development of DKA.

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DKA Manifestations

Dry mucous membranes and fruity odor of acetone indicates DKA.

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Insulin's Role in Preventing DKA

Insulin allows cells to uptake glucose for cellular energy.

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DKA Blood Glucose Level

A minimum blood glucose of 250mg/dL represents DKA.

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Arterial Blood pH in DKA

Arterial blood pH is a diagnostic criterion for ketoacidosis.

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DKA Cellular Malnourishment

Uncontrolled blood glucose in DKA causes cellular malnourishment.

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Insulin Deficiency and Hyperglycemia in DKA

Insulin deficiency leads to high blood glucose in DKA.

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Timely Intervention Imperative

Timely intervention in DKA reduces chance of complications.

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Pathophysiology of DKA

DKA originates from insulin deficiency paired with excess glucose.

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Study Notes

Diabetes Melitus

  • Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia are consequences of insulin deficiency, which prevents glucose from being used for energy.
  • Weight loss, weakness, and fatigue may also occur.

Manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes

  • Fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, and vision problems are often nonspecific manifestations of type 2 diabetes.
  • Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia may also occur.

Acute Complications of Diabetes

  • Acute complications arise from events associated with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
  • Hypoglycemia worsens rapidly and constitutes a serious threat if action is not immediately taken.

Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

  • Hyperglycemia is characterized by high glucose levels, increased urination, and increased appetite, followed by anorexia, weakness, fatigue, and blurred vision.
  • Hypoglycemia is characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and mood swings.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

  • DKA is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration.
  • Precipitating factors include illness, infection, inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, lack of education, understanding, or resources, and neglect.

Treatment of Hypoglycemia

  • Conscious person: Give 15g of a simple carbohydrate, recheck blood glucose 15 minutes later, and repeat if necessary.
  • Unconscious person: Subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon, or IV administration of 25-50mL of 50% glucose.

Preventive Measures for Hypoglycemia

  • Take prescribed medication as directed.
  • Check glucose frequently and check urine for ketones.
  • Drink fluids at least hourly.
  • Contact HCP about ketonuria.
  • Follow the Rule of 15.
  • Wear or carry DM identification.
  • Teach family and caregiver about symptoms and treatment.

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