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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of cellular malnourishment in insulin deficiency?
Which of the following is a characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is the primary difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?
What is a common precipitating factor for diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is a manifestation of type 2 DM?
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What is the term for a serious threat that occurs when action is not taken immediately to address hypoglycemia?
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What is the primary goal of giving a patient 15g of a simple carbohydrate during a hypoglycemic episode?
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When should a patient ingest a complex carbohydrate after a hypoglycemic episode?
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What is the recommended action if a patient's blood glucose level is still below 70mg/dL after 2 or 3 doses of 15g of simple carbohydrate?
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What is the recommended frequency for checking glucose levels during a hypoglycemic episode?
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What is the purpose of checking urine for ketones during a hypoglycemic episode?
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What is the recommended treatment for an unconscious patient with severe hypoglycemia?
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What is a potential consequence of Poor absorption of insulin?
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Which of the following can trigger a rapid onset of high blood glucose levels?
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What is a potential symptom of high blood glucose levels that can affect daily activities?
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Which of the following can cause a gradual onset of high blood glucose levels?
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What is a potential consequence of Too much DM medication?
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Which of the following can mask the symptoms of high blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary reason for the body to break down fat into ketones in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Which of the following is a likely consequence of untreated diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the relationship between type 1 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the primary function of recognizing symptoms and treating them immediately in diabetic patients?
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Which of the following is a manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the role of insulin in preventing diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the minimum blood glucose level that indicates a laboratory finding of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the significance of arterial blood pH in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled blood glucose levels in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the relationship between blood glucose levels and insulin deficiency in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the significance of timely intervention in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the underlying.pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Melitus
- Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia are consequences of insulin deficiency, which prevents glucose from being used for energy.
- Weight loss, weakness, and fatigue may also occur.
Manifestations of Type 2 Diabetes
- Fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, and vision problems are often nonspecific manifestations of type 2 diabetes.
- Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia may also occur.
Acute Complications of Diabetes
- Acute complications arise from events associated with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
- Hypoglycemia worsens rapidly and constitutes a serious threat if action is not immediately taken.
Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia is characterized by high glucose levels, increased urination, and increased appetite, followed by anorexia, weakness, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Hypoglycemia is characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and mood swings.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- DKA is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration.
- Precipitating factors include illness, infection, inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, lack of education, understanding, or resources, and neglect.
Treatment of Hypoglycemia
- Conscious person: Give 15g of a simple carbohydrate, recheck blood glucose 15 minutes later, and repeat if necessary.
- Unconscious person: Subcutaneous or IM injection of 1mg glucagon, or IV administration of 25-50mL of 50% glucose.
Preventive Measures for Hypoglycemia
- Take prescribed medication as directed.
- Check glucose frequently and check urine for ketones.
- Drink fluids at least hourly.
- Contact HCP about ketonuria.
- Follow the Rule of 15.
- Wear or carry DM identification.
- Teach family and caregiver about symptoms and treatment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the treatment of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, including medication, glucose monitoring, and emergency procedures. This quiz is based on the Clinical Companion to Medical-Surgical Nursing E-book and covers key concepts in diabetes management.
