Hypertext and Intertext

Hypertext

• A way of representing text linking related topics.
• Links are clickable areas redirecting to resources with similar information.
• HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used for writing web pages.
• Provides a new way to read online, unlike standard linear text found in books.
• Offers readers flexibility, enhancing personalization and easing information retrieval.
• Allows automatic use of features like tables of contents and indexes.
• Empowers readers to control the order of reading, tailoring it to personal interests.
• Information can be in a semantic network, enabling users to browse related sections and choose relevant paths.

Intertext

• A text document related to another text document.
• The Latin Vulgate Bible relates to the King James Version.
• Star Wars: The Force Awakens as an intertext to Star Wars: The Last Jedi
• Shapes text meaning through other texts, including figures like allusion, quotation, translation, pastiche, and parody.
• Author's borrowing and transformation of prior text.
• Readers referencing one text while reading another serves as an example
• Julia Kristeva introduced Intertextuality, derived from the Latin "intertexto," in the 1960s

Pastiche

• A literary piece imitating another's work to honor it, not mock.
• It is lighthearted but respectful
• Bohemian Rhapsody is an Example

Allusion

• An indirect reference to someone or something.
• A brief reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance.
• It is a passing comment where the writer expects familiarity with and understanding of, the reference

Parody

• An imitation exaggerating a writer, artist, or genre to create a comic effect.
• Humorous effect achieved by imitating and overstressing noticeable features.
• Austin Powers (character parody of James Bond) and Spaceballs (parody of Star Wars) are some movie examples
• Bored of the Rings (Lord of the Rings parody) and Nightlight: A Parody (Twilight parody) are a couple of literature examples

Calque

• A loan translation resulting from bilingual interference.
• The original internal structure of a borrowed word or phrase is maintained, but its morphemes are replaced by the native language.

Compound Words

• blue-blood: noble birth (Spanish "sangre azul")
• Devil's advocate: one who advocates the opposing side (Latin "advocatus diaboli")
• Flea market: place selling secondhand goods (French "marché aux puces")
• Masterpiece: work of outstanding artistry or skill (Dutch "meesterstuk")
• Wisdom tooth: hindmost molar tooth erupting around age 20 (Latin "dentes sapientiæ")

Intertextuality in Literary Works

• Literary works relate to other texts and language structures, using quotations and transformations
• Kristeva broke with tradition authors to focus on signifying systems

Two Dimensions of Intertextual Relations

• Horizontal relations link primary texts explicitly or implicitly.
• Vertical relations link a primary text to different texts referencing it (secondary and tertiary)
• Secondary texts include publicity, journalistic features, and criticism.
• Tertiary texts include letters, gossip, and conversations.

Function of Intertextuality

• Writers borrow ideas to add layers of meaning, altering interpretation through reflection
• Readers influence through other texts, clarifying understanding
• Intertextuality opens new writer perspectives, exploring ideology through rhetoric.

Evaluation

• Formulation of a value judgement
• Involves using certain criteria to determine if something is good or bad, strong or weak, beautiful or ugly, etc.

Descriptive & Evaluative Meaning

• Descriptive Bare presentation of facts.
• Evaluative Provides an assessment,
• Descriptive can be determined by its truth conditions while evaluative meaning cannot.
• Varies with reactions.

Evaluative Components of Attitudes

• Cognitive beliefs, opinions, knowledge, and information
• Affective emotions or feelings
• Behavioral intentions

Evaluative Statements

• The Statement must be balanced and not descriptive.
• Use specific quantifiable information.
• Use data and benchmarks to show context
• Provide show standards.

Evaluative Statements & Reading Comprehension

• Formulate evaluative statements by examining the text and supporting with evidence
• Evaluate essential elements with organized strengths and weaknesses
• Reflect on the activity's accomplishments.

Formulating Assertions About Text Content

• Declarative sentences claim something is true
• Simply put, it is a sentence that is either true or false.

Skills to Build Inference

• Read between the lines, and fill information gaps.
• Always Question to analyze the person
• Draw upon the writers descriptions of action, appearance and character
• If finding the answer is proving difficult, return to the relevant section of writing.

Basic Assertion

• Statement expressing writer's feelings, beliefs, and opinions,
• It's a simple expression of beliefs, feelings, personal and individual rights
• Often found in formal writings such as a thesis or dissertation

Emphatic Assertion

• A statement expressing empathy and how the writer understands the feelings and emotions of the author.
• Can be used in writing a formal or informal paper.
• Consists of two parts

Counterclaim

• Statement that disagrees with a stated claim in persuasive or argumentative writing.
• Writers can cite counterclaims, showing all sides of an issue.
• Providing counterclaims strengthens the claims.
• Phrases like "An opposing point of view is..." can introduce counterclaims

Guidelines for Counterclaims

• Understand the author's claims and supporting info
• Determine the point that the author make
• Find points backed by unsupported information
• Opposing arguments can disprove or weaken your argument
• Textual evidence, clear and concise

Textual Evidences

• The details given by the author to support claims.
• Facts and statistics objectively validate information
• Leading authorities topic such as experts
• Personal anecdotes (generalizable, relevant, and objectively considered).

Characteristics of Good Evidence

• Accurate
• Representative or typical.
• Specific and concrete.
• Relevant to the central point.
• Unified

Determining Textual Evidence

• To determine the Genre of text.
• The author's consideration when he's about to present.

Evaluate

• Point most significant.
• Avoid being subjective
• Adhere to standards of measure
• Recognize authors bias

Evaluating The Strength of an Author

• Evaluate claims, conclusions and if arguments are strong
• To consider as arguments are reasonable

Evaluating The Wording

• Claims are acceptable
• Author use broad generalizing words for subject evidence
• Author makes broad claims (to mention any exception)

Convincing Readers

• Back up claims
• Logical reasoning arguments
• Use of rhetoric
• Persuading readers to accept

Points to Remember

• The use of the text is not limited to quoting authors
• Other common source to use
• How to use with your own points in an essay.

Rules of What To Do

• Refer to it
• Paraphrase
• Directly quote
• Full name of author and title of text

Cautions to Remember

• While someone else's words can really help you make your point, the reader is most interested in your words, so make your references, paraphrases and quotes relatively brief.
• Integrate direct quotes into the language (i.e. grammar and verb tense) of your writing.
• Choose what you want to use carefully. Make sure you need it to illustrate your point, and then make sure that you provide the context necessary for the reader to understand how the material illustrates that point.
• Always cite the text and author you are using. Failure, even if unintentional, to properly acknowledge someone else's words or ideas is plagiarism. Citing Sources in the Text Parenthetical citations should be as brief and as few as possible. This means it is best to incorporate the author(s) and the work into the content of the sentence so that all that is left is to include a page number at the end.

How to Introduce The Text

• Incorporate textual evidence right into the sentence (make sense)
• Example include what happened
• Direct Quote example
• Tell the reader you are doing so

Styles

• Additional style Examples:
• Stated in Notes
• Express Example
• Word Character Statement

Academic and Professional Writing

• It has Components
• The context of professional
• The People, Sender, Receiver
• Communication timing based on interferences
• The content of the documents based on facts/details

Elements Used to Support Writing

• Testimonies and Observations
• Channel Convey the Message
• Following Standard Form

Purpose & Motive

• Level of Purpose; General and Specified
• Setting Context for Professional and Academics
• Helps for readers to change
• To take Purpose Second Level to Reason and Point

Audience & Receiver

• Direct
• Secondary

Products

• Refer output of your writing after its components

Tips for Writing Academic Texts

• Follow instructions in writing process
• Analyze context of purpose
• Have a clear audience

Steps for a Proper Writing Style

• Thesis Statement
• Stay Focused
• Eliminate Details
• Use academic texts
• Sufficient cohesive devices
• Brainstorm Strategies
• Edit and Proof Read

For Written and Reading Purposes

• Use Quotations Sparingly (Paraphrase Information)
• A Positive Tone
• Avoid Excessive details
• Always be Consistent
• Allocate ample time

Professional Writing

• Communication in writing that is specifically applied in business and technical setting
• Purpose: Persuade Readers
• It is applied to; Corporations or Academic Institutions

Online Documents

• Goal Oriented Communication
• Business and Technical Reports
• Business Correspondences
• Always have a Personal Tone

General Tips in Writing

• State with Purpose and Reading
• Keep Details Direct
• Clear Organized Ideas
• Keep Readers in mind
• Object Messages
• Use brainstorming strategies
• Edit
• Analyze Readers Belief
• Stay Basic and Follow with Purpose

Adjust Wording

• Know your reader
• Organize
• Font
• Tone

Academic Writing

• Is a text or a Event
• Focus on Review
• This means knowing details and how form/genres should be interpreted and displayed

In the Writing View

• Have your way of understanding it
• To see and highlight your work by reading with care
• Analyze the book/work you are reviewing

Essentials in The Process

• Description of The Book
• Sufficient Details
• Notes while you read
• Make a Single Impression

Reviewing the Outline of a Write

• Keep Eliminations or Irrelevance
• Exame notes you made (if you made)
• Organize thoughts to keep it clear
• Make Subdivisions to the topic

Writing Process Tips

• Observations that you have made
• Statement Describes
• Outline
• Deliver Argument

Introduction Tips

• Catchy Anecdotes
• Name and Author of The Book
• Give Details the author is making

Outline Parts

• The Thesis ( if it's available)
• Summary of Content
• Your Main Point

Writing the Review (What to Consider)

• A Paragraph
• Differentiate the Main Points
• Pair Assertion
• Restate thesis and Make Final Judgement

Review Writing; Character To Look For

• Character Traits
• What side does character make you take (flat or 3D and what made you choose this side?)
• Direct or Undirect

Theme (in Writing)

• Express The Major Theme
• Be Original

Plot Twist

• What elements will you add (introduction, climax etc)
• What's the Relation?
• The Main Plot?

Reviewing a Writing Style

• What are the intellectual qualities?
• Emotion
• The Harmony
• What Stylistic device?

Setting the Writing

• Atmosphere
• What Effects are effective?
• What Setting Affect?

When Poetry

• Express Power and Individuality
• What is the central meaning? (Effectively)

Research Report

• Investigation to Phenomena or Studies
• Sources or Existing Conditions to Identify Facts
• Gathering Info to draw New Conclusions
• A process to generate Technology

Report Topics

• Information from data
• Production process with new knowledge
• Application or Technology
• And Generate Economic Prosperity
• Follow A Style

A GOOD Report

• Try to Express, not Impress