Text, Hypertext and Intertext

• Text conveys a set of meaning to the person who examines it.
• Context includes the social, cultural, political, historical, and related circumstances that surround a text, influencing how it's understood and evaluated.
• Hypertext connects topics on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and music.
• Example of hypertext: wikipedia article where each term of concept is clickable, allowing you to jump to another related page, or a digital novel where clicking on a word opens a new narrative branch.
• Intertext is the shaping of a text's meaning through its connections to another text.
• Intertextual connections manifest in language, images, characteristics, themes, or subjects based on similarities in language, genre, or discourse.
• Example of intertext: A modern novel that draws on Shakespeare themes or a film references classic mythology (The lion king and hamlet) create an intertextual link.

Types of Intertext

• Obligatory intertext involves a writer deliberately making a comparison or association between two or more texts.
• Optional intertext allows for a connection to multiple texts from a single phrase or no connection, intended as homage to the original writers.
• Accidental intertext occurs when readers connect a text with another text, cultural practice, or personal experience without an explicit anchor point in the original text.
• Retelling is when an author restates what other texts contain.
• Allusion is a statement that directly or indirectly refers to an idea or passage in another text without quoting it.
• Quotation is the author directly lifts a string of words from another words
• Pastiche imitates the style or properties of another text without mocking it, sometimes leading to significant influence, for example: The Ten Commandments influenced "The Ten Commandments of Marriage".
• Parody uses many of the same elements of another work but in a new and funny way, for example: Pride and Prejudice with Zombies is a parody of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.

Assertions

• Assertions are expressions of disagreement toward a weak point of a presents idea or text, contradicting the main arguments.

Critical Reading as a Form of Reasoning

• Critical reading involves actively engaging with the material by understanding the author's idea, questioning and evaluating arguments and evidence, and forming one's own opinions.

Steps in Critical Reading

• After reading, review annotations to get an overall idea and consider writing a summary.
• Before reading, scan the piece to grasp the main topic and argument, which may include reading the introduction or subheadings.
• While reading, keep a dialogue with the author through annotations, underlining, highlighting, or writing comments in the margins.
• Responding to the text involves analyzing the author's arguments and method after developing a clear understanding, possibly leading to one's own essay.

Critical Reading Guide

• Familiarization involves asking what the test says and what evidence is presented.
• Descriptions includes asking what the text does, describing it's meaning and what the intent is, and what is included and excluded.
• Interpretations requires developing an overview, skimming the text and then scanning and considering what the text means

Contextualizing

• Contextualizing involves placing a text within its original historical or cultural context.
• Understanding this context requires identifying foreign language or ideas, having knowledge of the time and place, and considering the effect differences have on understanding and judgment.
• Reflecting on challenges to beliefs and values involves exploring how a text challenges ingrained beliefs.
• Outlining identifies a text's structure and main ideas, listing supporting evidence.
• Summarizing involves creating a new text by synthesizing the material of the original, fostering understanding by recreating the meaning in one's own words.

Figurative Language

• Figurative language like similes, metaphors, and symbols helps illustrate points and evoke reactions from the reader.

Patterns of Opposition

• Writers anticipate oppositions by responding to potential conflicting views, considering opposites like yes/no or black/white and etc.

Arguments

• Arguments consist of claims and support, with claims being the writer's idea or opinion.
• Support includes reasons and evidence, tested for appropriateness, believability, and consistency (ABC test).
• Credibility is established by demonstrating knowledge, building common ground, and fairly addressing objections.
• Reasoning is defending something by giving out reasons
• Reasoning is giving statements for justification and explanations. This is achieved by figuring something out, basing it on assumptions and evidence, and expressing it through concepts and ideas.

Evaluative Statements

• Formulation can be achieved through assertion, where a writer confidently expresses beliefs, robust declarations that lack evidence but aim to convey ideas or emotions directly.
• The writing of an assertion requires expressing an idea or feeling directly, delivered to convince readers to accept interpretations.
• Read the text multiple times, analyze the literary work, make a topic sentence, explain arguments, and give examples.
• Dig deeper into the text, read between the lines, understand what is the author trying to say and backread-up by evidence.
• Include facts supporting ideas from the text or other source.

Counterclaims

• Writing them requires careful reading and analysis of the literary work.
• Organize claims, find weak points in the test, look deeper into the test, and read between the lines.
• Supporting claims with strong evidences.
• Textual evidence serves as evidence from a text, fiction or nonfiction, to illustrate ideas and support claims.

Effectively Citing Evidence

• Make your arguments more powerful.
• Use quotes from the text to back up the argument, supporting opinions, thoughts, and feelings.
• Restate the questions, answer the questions, cite textual evidence, explain ideas and evidence, and summarize with a personal connection.