Podcast
Questions and Answers
What adverse effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
- Dehydration
- Hyperkalemia (correct)
- Hypoglycemia
- Anemia
What is the definition of prehypertension?
What is the definition of prehypertension?
- Chronic blood pressure greater than 120/80 mmHg (correct)
- Chronic blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg
- Chronic blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg
- Chronic blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg
Which class of drugs blocks angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
Which class of drugs blocks angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
- Beta-blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (correct)
- Calcium channel blockers
Which of the following medications is NOT categorized as a β-blocker?
Which of the following medications is NOT categorized as a β-blocker?
Which of the following is considered severe hypertension?
Which of the following is considered severe hypertension?
What is the primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in treating hypertension?
What is the primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in treating hypertension?
What is the most common cause of essential hypertension?
What is the most common cause of essential hypertension?
Which of the following is a risk associated with hypertension?
Which of the following is a risk associated with hypertension?
Which drug is contraindicated in patients with hypertension who also have asthma?
Which drug is contraindicated in patients with hypertension who also have asthma?
What is a characteristic effect of thiazide diuretics?
What is a characteristic effect of thiazide diuretics?
What are the two main factors controlling blood pressure?
What are the two main factors controlling blood pressure?
Which factor is responsible for the faster regulation of blood pressure?
Which factor is responsible for the faster regulation of blood pressure?
Which medication is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Which medication is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
What is the effect of increasing cardiac output on blood pressure?
What is the effect of increasing cardiac output on blood pressure?
What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
What effect does angiotensin II have on blood pressure?
What effect does angiotensin II have on blood pressure?
Which drug should be avoided during pregnancy due to teratogenic effects?
Which drug should be avoided during pregnancy due to teratogenic effects?
Which drug class is commonly employed in managing both hypertension and heart failure?
Which drug class is commonly employed in managing both hypertension and heart failure?
What blood pressure reading is classified as severe hypertension?
What blood pressure reading is classified as severe hypertension?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Which class of drugs are antagonists at angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
Which class of drugs are antagonists at angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
What characterizes essential hypertension?
What characterizes essential hypertension?
What is the primary consequence of β2 receptor antagonism in the context of hypertension?
What is the primary consequence of β2 receptor antagonism in the context of hypertension?
Which statement correctly describes secondary hypertension?
Which statement correctly describes secondary hypertension?
Which of the following drugs is NOT a β-blocker?
Which of the following drugs is NOT a β-blocker?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with untreated hypertension?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with untreated hypertension?
What are the primary regulators of blood pressure?
What are the primary regulators of blood pressure?
What is a primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
What is a primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
Which condition is primarily linked to hypertensive retinopathy?
Which condition is primarily linked to hypertensive retinopathy?
Which factor provides the fastest regulation of blood pressure?
Which factor provides the fastest regulation of blood pressure?
What class of drug is beneficial for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia in conjunction with hypertension?
What class of drug is beneficial for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia in conjunction with hypertension?
Which drug is contraindicated in hypertensive individuals with asthma?
Which drug is contraindicated in hypertensive individuals with asthma?
How does increasing cardiac output influence blood pressure?
How does increasing cardiac output influence blood pressure?
How does aldosterone primarily influence blood pressure regulation?
How does aldosterone primarily influence blood pressure regulation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of thiazide diuretics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of thiazide diuretics?
What is the effect of reducing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) on blood pressure?
What is the effect of reducing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) on blood pressure?
What is the recommended strategy for managing stage 2 hypertension?
What is the recommended strategy for managing stage 2 hypertension?
Which drug is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Which drug is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
What is the main function of the renin-angiotensin system in the context of hypertension?
What is the main function of the renin-angiotensin system in the context of hypertension?
What is a common side effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
What is a common side effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of alpha blockers?
What is a common side effect associated with the use of alpha blockers?
Which treatment is most suitable for managing a hypertensive crisis?
Which treatment is most suitable for managing a hypertensive crisis?
Which medication is generally avoided during pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects?
Which medication is generally avoided during pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects?
Which class of drugs is primarily used in patients with both hypertension and heart failure?
Which class of drugs is primarily used in patients with both hypertension and heart failure?
What is a primary consequence of β2 receptor antagonism in hypertension?
What is a primary consequence of β2 receptor antagonism in hypertension?
Which statement accurately describes secondary hypertension?
Which statement accurately describes secondary hypertension?
Hypertensive retinopathy is commonly associated with which condition?
Hypertensive retinopathy is commonly associated with which condition?
Which of the following is NOT a common first-line treatment for hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a common first-line treatment for hypertension?
What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)?
What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)?
Which CRB65 score indicates a condition that may require hospitalization?
Which CRB65 score indicates a condition that may require hospitalization?
What is the typical cause of bronchitis in most cases?
What is the typical cause of bronchitis in most cases?
What is the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis (IE)?
What is the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis (IE)?
Which of the following is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?
Which of the following is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?
Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis?
Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis?
Which pathogen is primarily responsible for community-acquired pneumonia?
Which pathogen is primarily responsible for community-acquired pneumonia?
Under which circumstance would antibiotics be prescribed for bronchitis?
Under which circumstance would antibiotics be prescribed for bronchitis?
What is the most common method used to diagnose pneumonia?
What is the most common method used to diagnose pneumonia?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 suggest in pneumonia assessment?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 suggest in pneumonia assessment?
Which of the following pathogens is considered a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following pathogens is considered a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?
Which of the following factors is associated with increased severity in pneumonia assessment?
Which of the following factors is associated with increased severity in pneumonia assessment?
What is the most common pathogen for subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
What is the most common pathogen for subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
What is a typical feature of atypical pneumonia?
What is a typical feature of atypical pneumonia?
Which cell type in the respiratory tract is responsible for secreting mucins?
Which cell type in the respiratory tract is responsible for secreting mucins?
What is a key role of club cells in the respiratory tract?
What is a key role of club cells in the respiratory tract?
Which virus is commonly associated with the common cold?
Which virus is commonly associated with the common cold?
What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?
Which pathogen is often associated with viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
Which pathogen is often associated with viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?
What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?
What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?
What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?
What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?
Which virus is the cause of influenza?
Which virus is the cause of influenza?
What is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection?
What is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection?
What pathogen is most commonly responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?
What pathogen is most commonly responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?
Which organism is often implicated in secondary pneumonia following an influenza infection?
Which organism is often implicated in secondary pneumonia following an influenza infection?
Which pathogen is considered a common cause of acute bronchitis?
Which pathogen is considered a common cause of acute bronchitis?
What is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?
What is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?
Under which circumstance would antibiotics likely be prescribed for bronchitis?
Under which circumstance would antibiotics likely be prescribed for bronchitis?
Which pathogen is recognized as a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?
Which pathogen is recognized as a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?
What is the leading pathogen associated with subacute infective endocarditis?
What is the leading pathogen associated with subacute infective endocarditis?
Which organism is least likely to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections?
Which organism is least likely to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections?
Which cell type in the respiratory tract secretes mucins?
Which cell type in the respiratory tract secretes mucins?
Which virus is classified as a 'professional invader' in the respiratory tract?
Which virus is classified as a 'professional invader' in the respiratory tract?
What are common symptoms associated with the common cold?
What are common symptoms associated with the common cold?
Which pathogen is often linked to viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
Which pathogen is often linked to viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
What complication can arise as a result of pneumonia?
What complication can arise as a result of pneumonia?
Which virus is the leading cause of the common cold?
Which virus is the leading cause of the common cold?
Which pathogen is most commonly responsible for community-acquired pneumonia?
Which pathogen is most commonly responsible for community-acquired pneumonia?
What is the most common diagnostic method used to detect pneumonia?
What is the most common diagnostic method used to detect pneumonia?
What is the primary role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the body?
What is the primary role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the body?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 indicate concerning pneumonia severity?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 indicate concerning pneumonia severity?
What is a common factor associated with increased severity in pneumonia assessment?
What is a common factor associated with increased severity in pneumonia assessment?
Which characteristic feature distinguishes atypical pneumonia from typical pneumonia?
Which characteristic feature distinguishes atypical pneumonia from typical pneumonia?
Which diagnostic test is utilized to confirm pneumonia in critically ill patients?
Which diagnostic test is utilized to confirm pneumonia in critically ill patients?
What is the primary role of blood urea measurement?
What is the primary role of blood urea measurement?
What does an elevated serum urea level indicate?
What does an elevated serum urea level indicate?
What differentiates plasma from serum samples in blood tests?
What differentiates plasma from serum samples in blood tests?
Why are venous blood samples commonly used for measuring blood cell contents?
Why are venous blood samples commonly used for measuring blood cell contents?
What does arterial blood gas analysis primarily assess?
What does arterial blood gas analysis primarily assess?
What role does sodium play in the body's electrolyte balance?
What role does sodium play in the body's electrolyte balance?
Which test is specifically used to monitor kidney function through urea measurement?
Which test is specifically used to monitor kidney function through urea measurement?
What method is specifically used to measure sodium and potassium levels in bodily fluids?
What method is specifically used to measure sodium and potassium levels in bodily fluids?
What physiological response is triggered to counteract metabolic acidosis?
What physiological response is triggered to counteract metabolic acidosis?
What is the function of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the context of urea measurement?
What is the function of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the context of urea measurement?
Which sample type is essential for accurately assessing arterial blood gas levels?
Which sample type is essential for accurately assessing arterial blood gas levels?
A positive cardiac troponin result primarily indicates what condition?
A positive cardiac troponin result primarily indicates what condition?
How is cardiac troponin detected using antibodies and magnetic beads?
How is cardiac troponin detected using antibodies and magnetic beads?
Which electrolyte is NOT typically measured using ion-selective electrodes?
Which electrolyte is NOT typically measured using ion-selective electrodes?
What compensatory mechanism helps to increase blood pH during metabolic acidosis?
What compensatory mechanism helps to increase blood pH during metabolic acidosis?
What principle underlies the measurement of biomolecules in the laboratory?
What principle underlies the measurement of biomolecules in the laboratory?
Which instrument is primarily used to measure the absorbance of biomolecules?
Which instrument is primarily used to measure the absorbance of biomolecules?
What does the term 'optical density' (OD) refer to in spectrophotometry?
What does the term 'optical density' (OD) refer to in spectrophotometry?
What characterizes a colometric assay?
What characterizes a colometric assay?
What is the primary reason for the presence of anti-cTnl antibodies in cardiac troponin detection?
What is the primary reason for the presence of anti-cTnl antibodies in cardiac troponin detection?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects sodium's role in the body?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects sodium's role in the body?
How are unknown concentrations of biomolecules typically determined in spectrophotometry?
How are unknown concentrations of biomolecules typically determined in spectrophotometry?
Why are plasma samples often preferred over serum for specific tests?
Why are plasma samples often preferred over serum for specific tests?
Which statement is true about screening tests?
Which statement is true about screening tests?
Which sample source is increasingly used for testing disease biomarkers?
Which sample source is increasingly used for testing disease biomarkers?
Which condition is likely to cause low serum urea levels?
Which condition is likely to cause low serum urea levels?
What type of blood sample is best for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
What type of blood sample is best for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
What does a spectrophotometer measure?
What does a spectrophotometer measure?
What is the main advantage of using cardiac troponin as a marker for myocardial infarction?
What is the main advantage of using cardiac troponin as a marker for myocardial infarction?
What role does insulin production play in the context of metabolic balance?
What role does insulin production play in the context of metabolic balance?
In what way does sodium influence glucose homeostasis in the body?
In what way does sodium influence glucose homeostasis in the body?
What is the primary role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the measurement of urea in clinical samples?
What is the primary role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the measurement of urea in clinical samples?
In the measurement of urea, what does a decline in NADH concentration indicate?
In the measurement of urea, what does a decline in NADH concentration indicate?
Which condition is most likely to cause increased sodium levels due to an electrolyte imbalance?
Which condition is most likely to cause increased sodium levels due to an electrolyte imbalance?
Why does hyperventilation occur in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Why does hyperventilation occur in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is the function of anti-cTnl antibodies in detecting cardiac troponin?
What is the function of anti-cTnl antibodies in detecting cardiac troponin?
What is the role of sodium in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body?
What is the role of sodium in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body?
What underlying mechanism leads to the detection of cardiac troponin in clinical diagnostics?
What underlying mechanism leads to the detection of cardiac troponin in clinical diagnostics?
In the context of metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism is triggered?
In the context of metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism is triggered?
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin (TnT, TnI) indicate in a patient?
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin (TnT, TnI) indicate in a patient?
Which sample type is typically used for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Which sample type is typically used for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
How is cardiac troponin detected using magnetic beads and antibodies?
How is cardiac troponin detected using magnetic beads and antibodies?
Which of the following would most likely be a cause of electrolyte imbalance leading to increased sodium levels?
Which of the following would most likely be a cause of electrolyte imbalance leading to increased sodium levels?
What is the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the urea measurement test?
What is the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in the urea measurement test?
In the case study of a woman with diabetic ketoacidosis, why does hyperventilation occur?
In the case study of a woman with diabetic ketoacidosis, why does hyperventilation occur?
What is the primary mechanism by which atropine increases heart rate in bradycardia?
What is the primary mechanism by which atropine increases heart rate in bradycardia?
For what primary condition are calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem predominantly used?
For what primary condition are calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem predominantly used?
What key feature characterizes rate control in the treatment of atrial fibrillation?
What key feature characterizes rate control in the treatment of atrial fibrillation?
What is the main objective of rhythm control in the management of atrial fibrillation?
What is the main objective of rhythm control in the management of atrial fibrillation?
Which drug is known for its use in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
Which drug is known for its use in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
What is a critical feature of re-entry arrhythmias?
What is a critical feature of re-entry arrhythmias?
What characteristic is typically seen in Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
What characteristic is typically seen in Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with early afterdepolarizations (EAD)?
Which arrhythmia is most commonly associated with early afterdepolarizations (EAD)?
What is the primary classification of Flecainide in the Vaughan-Williams system?
What is the primary classification of Flecainide in the Vaughan-Williams system?
Which risk is associated with Class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs such as Quinidine?
Which risk is associated with Class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs such as Quinidine?
How do Class 1b antiarrhythmic drugs like Lidocaine primarily act?
How do Class 1b antiarrhythmic drugs like Lidocaine primarily act?
What action do Class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs (beta-blockers) perform on heart function?
What action do Class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs (beta-blockers) perform on heart function?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in cardiac tissue?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in cardiac tissue?
Which ion is primarily involved in the rapid depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?
Which ion is primarily involved in the rapid depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?
During which phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential do calcium and potassium ions balance each other's effects?
During which phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential do calcium and potassium ions balance each other's effects?
What initiates the pacemaker depolarization in the cardiac nodal action potential?
What initiates the pacemaker depolarization in the cardiac nodal action potential?
What best defines an ectopic beat in cardiac physiology?
What best defines an ectopic beat in cardiac physiology?
What is a recognized cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarization?
What is a recognized cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarization?
In the cardiac action potential, what happens during Phase 3?
In the cardiac action potential, what happens during Phase 3?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with beta-blockers in arrhythmia treatment?
What adverse effect is commonly associated with beta-blockers in arrhythmia treatment?
Which antiarrhythmic drug can also exhibit Class 1a and Class 2 activity?
Which antiarrhythmic drug can also exhibit Class 1a and Class 2 activity?
How do Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs prevent arrhythmias?
How do Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs prevent arrhythmias?
What is a significant risk when using Class 4 calcium channel blockers like Verapamil for arrhythmias?
What is a significant risk when using Class 4 calcium channel blockers like Verapamil for arrhythmias?
What is the primary action of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
What is the primary action of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
In which situation is adenosine primarily utilized?
In which situation is adenosine primarily utilized?
Which drug is considered first-line for treating acute bradycardia?
Which drug is considered first-line for treating acute bradycardia?
What is the purpose of using Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs like Amiodarone?
What is the purpose of using Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs like Amiodarone?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
Which ion is mainly responsible for the rapid depolarisation during phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Which ion is mainly responsible for the rapid depolarisation during phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
What occurs during phase 2 (plateau) of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
What occurs during phase 2 (plateau) of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for pacemaker depolarisation in the cardiac nodal action potential?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for pacemaker depolarisation in the cardiac nodal action potential?
What is the main characteristic of an ectopic beat?
What is the main characteristic of an ectopic beat?
Which describes a common cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarisation?
Which describes a common cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarisation?
What is the mechanism of re-entry in arrhythmias?
What is the mechanism of re-entry in arrhythmias?
Which feature is associated with Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
Which feature is associated with Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
What is the main effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
What is the main effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
In what scenario is adenosine most commonly used?
In what scenario is adenosine most commonly used?
Which drug is used as the first-line treatment for bradycardia?
Which drug is used as the first-line treatment for bradycardia?
What is the effect of atropine in the treatment of bradycardia?
What is the effect of atropine in the treatment of bradycardia?
What is the main therapeutic use of calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem?
What is the main therapeutic use of calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem?
Which is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation treatment with rate control?
Which is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation treatment with rate control?
What is the primary purpose of rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
What is the primary purpose of rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
Which drug is commonly used in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
Which drug is commonly used in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
Which of the following drugs is primarily indicated for acute attacks of stable angina?
Which of the following drugs is primarily indicated for acute attacks of stable angina?
What effect does glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) primarily have in alleviating angina?
What effect does glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) primarily have in alleviating angina?
What is the mechanism of action of nicorandil?
What is the mechanism of action of nicorandil?
Which medication is known to cause tolerance upon continuous use?
Which medication is known to cause tolerance upon continuous use?
Which of the following is an inotropic agent used in the treatment of septic shock?
Which of the following is an inotropic agent used in the treatment of septic shock?
What is the primary benefit of beta-blockers in treating angina pectoris?
What is the primary benefit of beta-blockers in treating angina pectoris?
What effect does dobutamine have on the heart?
What effect does dobutamine have on the heart?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with propranolol?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with propranolol?
Which β-adrenoreceptor antagonist is selective for β1 receptors only?
Which β-adrenoreceptor antagonist is selective for β1 receptors only?
What is the mechanism of action of milrinone in heart failure treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of milrinone in heart failure treatment?
What is the main role of amlodipine in treating angina?
What is the main role of amlodipine in treating angina?
Which of the following drugs is a selective β1 blocker used in heart failure treatment?
Which of the following drugs is a selective β1 blocker used in heart failure treatment?
What is the main advantage of using beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
What is the main advantage of using beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
Which type of angina is primarily caused by coronary artery vasospasm?
Which type of angina is primarily caused by coronary artery vasospasm?
Which of the following best describes the inotropic effect of digoxin?
Which of the following best describes the inotropic effect of digoxin?
Which drug combination can exacerbate heart failure, particularly in patients with reduced ejection fraction?
Which drug combination can exacerbate heart failure, particularly in patients with reduced ejection fraction?
What is the primary cause of variant angina?
What is the primary cause of variant angina?
Which medication is considered the most appropriate for managing heart failure with hypotension?
Which medication is considered the most appropriate for managing heart failure with hypotension?
Which drug should be contraindicated for a patient with both heart block and angina?
Which drug should be contraindicated for a patient with both heart block and angina?
Which of the following medications would NOT be suitable for a patient with reduced ejection fraction heart failure?
Which of the following medications would NOT be suitable for a patient with reduced ejection fraction heart failure?
What is the major cause of angina pectoris in 90% of cases?
What is the major cause of angina pectoris in 90% of cases?
Which drug used in angina treatment has 100% bioavailability and is taken orally?
Which drug used in angina treatment has 100% bioavailability and is taken orally?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
What is the role of α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism in carvedilol?
What is the role of α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism in carvedilol?
Which of the following is a major effect of nitrates in the treatment of angina?
Which of the following is a major effect of nitrates in the treatment of angina?
Which drug combination should be used with caution in the presence of heart failure?
Which drug combination should be used with caution in the presence of heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic of variant angina?
Which of the following is a characteristic of variant angina?
What type of angina is characterized by coronary artery vasospasm?
What type of angina is characterized by coronary artery vasospasm?
Which of the following drugs would be contraindicated in a patient with heart block and angina?
Which of the following drugs would be contraindicated in a patient with heart block and angina?
Which calcium channel blocker is most effective in treating coronary vasospasm?
Which calcium channel blocker is most effective in treating coronary vasospasm?
What is the primary mechanism of action of nicorandil?
What is the primary mechanism of action of nicorandil?
Which agent is considered an inotropic drug for treating septic shock?
Which agent is considered an inotropic drug for treating septic shock?
What effect does dobutamine specifically have on cardiac function?
What effect does dobutamine specifically have on cardiac function?
What action does milrinone facilitate in heart failure treatment?
What action does milrinone facilitate in heart failure treatment?
Which drug is recognized as a selective β1 blocker for heart failure?
Which drug is recognized as a selective β1 blocker for heart failure?
Which medication works by increasing cAMP levels to enhance heart contractility?
Which medication works by increasing cAMP levels to enhance heart contractility?
What adverse effect is associated with non-selective beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
What adverse effect is associated with non-selective beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
What major effect do nitrates have in treating angina?
What major effect do nitrates have in treating angina?
What is the primary mechanism by which digoxin enhances cardiac contractility?
What is the primary mechanism by which digoxin enhances cardiac contractility?
Flashcards
What is prehypertension?
What is prehypertension?
Chronic blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg, but less than 180/120 mmHg.
What is severe hypertension?
What is severe hypertension?
Chronic blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg.
What is the most common cause of essential hypertension?
What is the most common cause of essential hypertension?
The exact cause is unknown.
What are some health risks associated with hypertension?
What are some health risks associated with hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the two main factors controlling blood pressure?
What are the two main factors controlling blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which factor is responsible for the faster regulation of blood pressure?
Which factor is responsible for the faster regulation of blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the effect of increasing cardiac output on blood pressure?
What is the effect of increasing cardiac output on blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does reducing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) affect blood pressure?
How does reducing peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) affect blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a potential side effect of ACE inhibitors?
What is a potential side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What class of drugs blocks angiotensin II type 1 receptors?
What class of drugs blocks angiotensin II type 1 receptors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is NOT a beta blocker?
Which drug is NOT a beta blocker?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary effect of beta 1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
What is the primary effect of beta 1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is contraindicated in hypertensive individuals with asthma?
Which drug is contraindicated in hypertensive individuals with asthma?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is considered severe hypertension?
What is considered severe hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure?
How do thiazide diuretics lower blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
What is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a common side effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
What is a common side effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a risk associated with hypertension?
What is a risk associated with hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which factor regulates blood pressure faster, autonomic feedback or hormonal feedback?
Which factor regulates blood pressure faster, autonomic feedback or hormonal feedback?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension?
What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's a common adverse effect of alpha blockers?
What's a common adverse effect of alpha blockers?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is hypertensive crisis treated?
How is hypertensive crisis treated?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Are beta-blockers first-line treatment for hypertension?
Are beta-blockers first-line treatment for hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What drug is unsafe during pregnancy?
What drug is unsafe during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What drug class is used for both hypertension and heart failure?
What drug class is used for both hypertension and heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does β2 receptor antagonism do to blood pressure?
What does β2 receptor antagonism do to blood pressure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes secondary hypertension?
What causes secondary hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What condition is linked to hypertensive retinopathy?
What condition is linked to hypertensive retinopathy?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Teratogenic effects
Teratogenic effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypertensive retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alpha-blockers
Alpha-blockers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stage 2 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
What is a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which class of drugs are antagonists at angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
Which class of drugs are antagonists at angiotensin II type 1 (AT₁) receptors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
What is a primary effect of β1 receptor antagonism in hypertension treatment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a characteristic of thiazide diuretics?
What is a characteristic of thiazide diuretics?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which of the following is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Which of the following is an example of an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most appropriate treatment for hypertensive crisis?
What is the most appropriate treatment for hypertensive crisis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a common first-line treatment for hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a common first-line treatment for hypertension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of bronchitis?
What is the most common cause of bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which symptom is NOT typical of bronchitis?
Which symptom is NOT typical of bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What pathogen is linked to bronchitis?
What pathogen is linked to bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
When are antibiotics prescribed for bronchitis?
When are antibiotics prescribed for bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which pathogen can be a primary invader in respiratory infections?
Which pathogen can be a primary invader in respiratory infections?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
What is the most common cause of subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What cell type produces mucins in the respiratory tract?
What cell type produces mucins in the respiratory tract?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of club cells in the respiratory tract?
What is the role of club cells in the respiratory tract?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common virus associated with the common cold?
What is the most common virus associated with the common cold?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which pathogen is often responsible for viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
Which pathogen is often responsible for viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?
What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?
What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which virus is the cause of influenza?
Which virus is the cause of influenza?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the characteristic symptom of pharyngitis?
What is the characteristic symptom of pharyngitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's the treatment for strep throat?
What's the treatment for strep throat?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What pneumonia severity requires hospitalization?
What pneumonia severity requires hospitalization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis?
What's the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
What's the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is pneumonia usually diagnosed?
How is pneumonia usually diagnosed?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's CRP's role?
What's CRP's role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a CRB65 score of 1 mean for pneumonia?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 mean for pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What shows more severe pneumonia?
What shows more severe pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the hallmark sign of infective endocarditis?
What is the hallmark sign of infective endocarditis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is pneumonia most often diagnosed?
How is pneumonia most often diagnosed?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the function of C-reactive protein in the body?
What is the function of C-reactive protein in the body?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a CRB65 score of 1 suggest?
What does a CRB65 score of 1 suggest?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which factor points to a more severe case of pneumonia?
Which factor points to a more severe case of pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's a typical characteristic of atypical pneumonia?
What's a typical characteristic of atypical pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is pneumonia diagnosed in critically ill patients?
How is pneumonia diagnosed in critically ill patients?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What pathogen is often associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?
What pathogen is often associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which bacteria often causes pneumonia after the flu?
Which bacteria often causes pneumonia after the flu?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What bacterial infection can worsen after a cold or flu?
What bacterial infection can worsen after a cold or flu?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which bacteria is often associated with bronchitis?
Which bacteria is often associated with bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why might doctors prescribe antibiotics for bronchitis?
Why might doctors prescribe antibiotics for bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the most common bacteria that cause subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
What are the most common bacteria that cause subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes most cases of bronchitis?
What causes most cases of bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is not a typical symptom of bronchitis?
What is not a typical symptom of bronchitis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are goblet cells responsible for?
What are goblet cells responsible for?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a key role of club cells?
What is a key role of club cells?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a 'professional invader' in the respiratory tract?
What is a 'professional invader' in the respiratory tract?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the clinical presentation of the common cold?
What is the clinical presentation of the common cold?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What virus is commonly associated with the common cold?
What virus is commonly associated with the common cold?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is pneumonia?
What is pneumonia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What pathogen is linked to viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
What pathogen is linked to viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis on native heart valves?
What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis on native heart valves?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in urea measurement?
What is the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in urea measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What sample type is typically used for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
What sample type is typically used for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin (TnT, TnI) indicate?
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin (TnT, TnI) indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is cardiac troponin detected using magnetic beads and antibodies?
How is cardiac troponin detected using magnetic beads and antibodies?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in urea measurement?
What is the primary role of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in urea measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
In the measurement of urea, what does the decline in NADH concentration indicate?
In the measurement of urea, what does the decline in NADH concentration indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which of the following would most likely be a cause of increased sodium levels?
Which of the following would most likely be a cause of increased sodium levels?
Signup and view all the flashcards
In a case of diabetic ketoacidosis, why does hyperventilation occur?
In a case of diabetic ketoacidosis, why does hyperventilation occur?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do anti-cTnl antibodies detect cardiac troponin?
How do anti-cTnl antibodies detect cardiac troponin?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary function of sodium in electrolyte balance?
What is the primary function of sodium in electrolyte balance?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is plasma often preferred over serum for specific tests?
Why is plasma often preferred over serum for specific tests?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What conditions cause low serum urea levels?
What conditions cause low serum urea levels?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which sample is best for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Which sample is best for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is cardiac troponin used as a marker for myocardial infarction?
Why is cardiac troponin used as a marker for myocardial infarction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does hyperventilation help compensate for metabolic acidosis?
How does hyperventilation help compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Does hyperventilation stimulate insulin production?
Does hyperventilation stimulate insulin production?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What principle governs biomolecule measurement?
What principle governs biomolecule measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What instrument is used for biomolecule absorbance measurement?
What instrument is used for biomolecule absorbance measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a colometric assay?
What is a colometric assay?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are unknown biomolecule concentrations determined using spectrophotometry?
How are unknown biomolecule concentrations determined using spectrophotometry?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the purpose of screening tests?
What is the purpose of screening tests?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a commonly used sample source for disease biomarker testing?
What is a commonly used sample source for disease biomarker testing?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does 'optical density' (OD) refer to?
What does 'optical density' (OD) refer to?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the relationship between light absorbance and biomolecule concentration?
What is the relationship between light absorbance and biomolecule concentration?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the BUN test?
What is the BUN test?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does an elevated blood urea level indicate?
What does an elevated blood urea level indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why are venous blood samples used for measuring blood cell content?
Why are venous blood samples used for measuring blood cell content?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does arterial blood gas analysis assess?
What does arterial blood gas analysis assess?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is sodium's role in electrolyte balance?
What is sodium's role in electrolyte balance?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does an elevated cardiac troponin level indicate?
What does an elevated cardiac troponin level indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What method is used to measure electrolyte concentrations?
What method is used to measure electrolyte concentrations?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why does hyperventilation occur in metabolic acidosis?
Why does hyperventilation occur in metabolic acidosis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of GLDH in urea measurement?
What is the role of GLDH in urea measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which sample type is preferred for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Which sample type is preferred for detecting arterial blood gas abnormalities?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin indicate?
What does a positive result for cardiac troponin indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a decline in NADH concentration indicate in the urea measurement test?
What does a decline in NADH concentration indicate in the urea measurement test?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a decrease in NADH concentration mean in urea measurement?
What does a decrease in NADH concentration mean in urea measurement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes increased sodium levels (hypernatremia)?
What causes increased sodium levels (hypernatremia)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why does hyperventilation occur in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Why does hyperventilation occur in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do anti-cTnl antibodies work to detect cardiac troponin?
How do anti-cTnl antibodies work to detect cardiac troponin?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main function of sodium in the body?
What is the main function of sodium in the body?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
What is the main effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?
Signup and view all the flashcards
In what scenario is adenosine most commonly used?
In what scenario is adenosine most commonly used?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the effect of atropine in the treatment of bradycardia?
What is the effect of atropine in the treatment of bradycardia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main therapeutic use of calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem?
What is the main therapeutic use of calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation treatment with rate control?
What is a characteristic of atrial fibrillation treatment with rate control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary purpose of rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
What is the primary purpose of rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is commonly used in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
Which drug is commonly used in both rate and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
What is the function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which ion is responsible for the rapid depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Which ion is responsible for the rapid depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What occurs during the plateau phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
What occurs during the plateau phase of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is responsible for pacemaker depolarization in the cardiac nodal action potential?
What is responsible for pacemaker depolarization in the cardiac nodal action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main characteristic of an ectopic beat?
What is the main characteristic of an ectopic beat?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a common cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarization?
What is a common cause of tachycardia associated with after-polarization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the mechanism of re-entry in arrhythmias?
What is the mechanism of re-entry in arrhythmias?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a feature of Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
What is a feature of Wolfe-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the risk associated with early afterdepolarisation (EAD)?
What is the risk associated with early afterdepolarisation (EAD)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Vaughan-Williams classification of Flecainide?
What is the Vaughan-Williams classification of Flecainide?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a key characteristic of Class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs like Quinidine?
What is a key characteristic of Class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs like Quinidine?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary action of Class 1b antiarrhythmic drugs like Lidocaine?
What is the primary action of Class 1b antiarrhythmic drugs like Lidocaine?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main mechanism of action for Class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs (beta-blockers)?
What is the main mechanism of action for Class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs (beta-blockers)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the mechanism of beta blockers?
What is the mechanism of beta blockers?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Atropine treat Bradycardia?
How does Atropine treat Bradycardia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem help atrial fibrillation?
How do calcium channel blockers like Diltiazem help atrial fibrillation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the goal of rate control?
What is the goal of rate control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
What is rhythm control in atrial fibrillation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What drug is used for both rate and rhythm control?
What drug is used for both rate and rhythm control?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in the cardiac syncytium?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which ion is primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Which ion is primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization in phase 0 of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What occurs during phase 2 (plateau) of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
What occurs during phase 2 (plateau) of the cardiac myocyte action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which of the following drugs primarily prolongs repolarization (phase 3) of the cardiac action potential?
Which of the following drugs primarily prolongs repolarization (phase 3) of the cardiac action potential?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs specifically blocks the fast sodium channels during the early depolarization phase?
Which of the following antiarrhythmic drugs specifically blocks the fast sodium channels during the early depolarization phase?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a common adverse effect of beta-blockers used in arrhythmias?
What is a common adverse effect of beta-blockers used in arrhythmias?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What Class 3 antiarrhythmic drug is used for acute and chronic arrhythmias?
What Class 3 antiarrhythmic drug is used for acute and chronic arrhythmias?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs work?
How do Class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What risk is associated with Class 4 calcium channel blockers like Verapamil?
What risk is associated with Class 4 calcium channel blockers like Verapamil?
Signup and view all the flashcards
In what situation is adenosine most commonly used?
In what situation is adenosine most commonly used?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is used as the first-line treatment for bradycardia?
Which drug is used as the first-line treatment for bradycardia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does atropine work to address bradycardia?
How does atropine work to address bradycardia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Variant angina?
What is Variant angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) work?
How does Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are beta-blockers and how do they help with angina?
What are beta-blockers and how do they help with angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Calcium Channel Blockers?
What are Calcium Channel Blockers?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Stable angina?
What is Stable angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Tolerance (to GTN)?
What is Tolerance (to GTN)?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Preload Reduction?
What is Preload Reduction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Afterload Reduction?
What is Afterload Reduction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of nicorandil?
What is the mechanism of action of nicorandil?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which inotropic agent is used for septic shock?
Which inotropic agent is used for septic shock?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What effect does dobutamine have on the heart?
What effect does dobutamine have on the heart?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mechanism of action of milrinone in heart failure?
Mechanism of action of milrinone in heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is a selective β1 blocker for heart failure treatment?
Which drug is a selective β1 blocker for heart failure treatment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Main advantage of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
Main advantage of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inotropic effect of digoxin?
Inotropic effect of digoxin?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Describe the inotropic effect of digoxin.
Describe the inotropic effect of digoxin.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the most common cause of angina pectoris?
What is the most common cause of angina pectoris?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which angina drug has 100% oral bioavailability?
Which angina drug has 100% oral bioavailability?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a respiratory side effect of beta-blockers?
What is a respiratory side effect of beta-blockers?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism affect carvedilol?
How does α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism affect carvedilol?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main action of nitrates in angina treatment?
What is the main action of nitrates in angina treatment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug combination is risky in heart failure?
Which drug combination is risky in heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes variant angina?
What causes variant angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is most helpful in heart failure with hypotension?
Which drug is most helpful in heart failure with hypotension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug combination should be used with caution in the presence of heart failure?
Which drug combination should be used with caution in the presence of heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the cause of variant angina?
What is the cause of variant angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug would be most appropriate for heart failure with hypotension?
Which drug would be most appropriate for heart failure with hypotension?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug is contraindicated in a patient with a heart block and angina?
Which drug is contraindicated in a patient with a heart block and angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is Verapamil contraindicated for patients with a heart block?
Why is Verapamil contraindicated for patients with a heart block?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which calcium channel blocker is most effective in treating coronary vasospasm?
Which calcium channel blocker is most effective in treating coronary vasospasm?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does nicorandil work?
How does nicorandil work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is dobutamine used for?
What is dobutamine used for?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the effect of dobutamine on the heart?
What is the effect of dobutamine on the heart?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does milrinone work in treating heart failure?
How does milrinone work in treating heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a selective β1 blocker used in heart failure treatment?
What is a selective β1 blocker used in heart failure treatment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the main advantage of using beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
What is the main advantage of using beta-blockers in chronic heart failure?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary effect of digoxin on heart function?
What is the primary effect of digoxin on heart function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary cause of angina pectoris?
What is the primary cause of angina pectoris?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Which drug used in angina treatment has 100% bioavailability and is taken orally?
Which drug used in angina treatment has 100% bioavailability and is taken orally?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a potential side effect of beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
What is a potential side effect of beta-blockers on the respiratory system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism in carvedilol?
What is the role of α1-adrenoreceptor antagonism in carvedilol?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary effect of nitrates in the treatment of angina?
What is the primary effect of nitrates in the treatment of angina?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the key mechanism of carvedilol in reducing peripheral vascular resistance?
What is the key mechanism of carvedilol in reducing peripheral vascular resistance?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Prehypertension Definition
- Chronic blood pressure greater than 120/80 mmHg but less than 140/90 mmHg
Severe Hypertension
- Blood pressure greater than 180/120 mmHg
Essential Hypertension Cause
- No identifiable cause
Hypertension Risk Factor
- Kidney failure
- Increased stroke risk
- Decreased oxygenation of tissues
Blood Pressure Control Factors
- Cardiac output and body weight
- Renal function and blood volume
- Autonomic and hormonal feedback loops
- Salt intake and physical activity
- Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Faster Blood Pressure Regulation
- Autonomic feedback loop
Cardiac Output Effect on Blood Pressure
- Increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) Effect on Blood Pressure
- Reducing PVR decreases blood pressure
Renin-Angiotensin System Function in Hypertension
- Increase blood volume
Angiotensin II Effect on Blood Pressure
- Vasoconstricts blood vessels
ACE Inhibitors Adverse Effect
- Hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
Non-β-blocker
- Ramipril
Effect of β1 Receptor Antagonism
- Decrease heart rate
Drug Contraindicated in Hypertensive Individuals with Asthma
- Bisoprolol
Thiazide Diuretics Characteristic
- Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the nephron
Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist
- Spironolactone
Calcium Channel Blockers Side Effect
- Constipation
Preferred Calcium Channel Blocker for Hypertension
- Dihydropyridines
Alpha Blocker Adverse Effect
- Flushing
Hypertensive Crisis Treatment
- Parenteral antihypertensive agents
Non-First-Line Hypertension Treatment
- Beta-blockers
Teratogenic Drug in Pregnancy
- Lisinopril
Drug Class for Hypertension and Heart Failure
- ACE inhibitors
β2 Receptor Antagonism Effect
- Vasoconstriction
Secondary Hypertension
- Caused by a known condition (e.g., heart or kidney disease)
- Accounts for a small percentage of hypertension cases
Hypertensive Retinopathy Associated Condition
- Stroke
Drug Effective for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Hypertension
- Alpha-blockers
Aldosterone's Role in Blood Pressure Regulation
- Increases sodium reabsorption and fluid volume
- Increases fluid volume and elevates blood pressure
Stage 2 Hypertension Management Approach
- Administer multiple antihypertensive agents
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on hypertension, including its definitions, causes, risk factors, and control mechanisms. This quiz covers essential concepts such as blood pressure regulation, the role of the renin-angiotensin system, and the effects of cardiac output on blood pressure.
