Infectious Diseases Quiz PDF

**Infectious Diseases of the Cardiovascular System and the Respiratory Tract** **Quiz** ======== ### **1. What is the typical cause of bronchitis in most cases?** A\) Fungal infection B\) Bacterial infection C\) Viral infection D\) Environmental pollution E\) Allergic reaction ### **2. Which...

**Infectious Diseases of the Cardiovascular System and the Respiratory Tract** **Quiz** ======== ### **1. What is the typical cause of bronchitis in most cases?** A\) Fungal infection B\) Bacterial infection C\) Viral infection D\) Environmental pollution E\) Allergic reaction ### **2. Which of the following is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?** A\) Nagging cough B\) Shortness of breath C\) Chills and fever D\) Muscle aches E\) Runny nose ### **3. Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis?** A\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae B\) Streptococcus pyogenes C\) Escherichia coli D\) Candida albicans E\) Staphylococcus epidermidis ### **4. Under which circumstance would antibiotics be prescribed for bronchitis?** A\) Only when the patient is very young B\) If there is an elevated C-reactive protein level \>100mg/mL C\) If the patient has a history of asthma D\) For all patients with bronchitis E\) If the patient has a persistent cough ### **5. Which of the following pathogens is considered a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?** A\) Streptococcus pneumoniae B\) Streptococcus pyogenes C\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae D\) Influenza virus E\) Legionella pneumophila ### **6. What is the most common pathogen for subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?** A\) Staphylococcus aureus B\) Viridans streptococci C\) Streptococcus pneumoniae D\) Pseudomonas aeruginosa E\) Klebsiella pneumoniae ### **7. Which cell type in the respiratory tract is responsible for secreting mucins?** A\) Goblet cells B\) Type I pneumocytes C\) Club cells D\) Alveolar macrophages E\) Basal cells ### **8. What is a key role of club cells in the respiratory tract?** A\) Secret mucus to trap pathogens B\) Detoxify harmful substances inhaled into the lungs C\) Produce surfactant for alveolar stability D\) Facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli E\) Fight off viral infections ### **9. Which of the following is an example of a \"professional invader\" in the respiratory tract?** A\) Streptococcus pneumoniae B\) Streptococcus pyogenes C\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae D\) Staphylococcus aureus E\) Influenza virus ### **10. What is the typical clinical presentation of the common cold?** A\) Rash and jaundice B\) Sore throat, runny nose, and fever C\) Dry cough and difficulty breathing D\) Severe muscle aches and fever E\) Shortness of breath and chest pain ### **11. Which virus is commonly associated with the common cold?** A\) Hepatitis B virus B\) Rhinovirus C\) Epstein-Barr virus D\) Cytomegalovirus E\) Human papillomavirus ### **12. What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?** A\) Secrete mucus B\) Detoxify harmful inhaled substances C\) Regulate airflow D\) Produce surfactant E\) Protect against viral infections ### **13. Which pathogen is often associated with viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?** A\) Streptococcus pneumoniae B\) Cytomegalovirus C\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae D\) Haemophilus influenzae E\) Legionella pneumophila ### **14. What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?** A\) Staphylococcus aureus B\) Viridans streptococci C\) Enterococci D\) Streptococcus pyogenes E\) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ### **15. What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?** A\) Hepatitis B\) Liver failure C\) Pneumothorax D\) Myocardial infarction E\) Stroke ### **16. What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?** A\) Complete blood count (CBC) B\) Blood culture C\) Urine analysis D\) Chest X-ray E\) Sputum culture ### **17. Which virus is the cause of influenza?** A\) Orthomyxovirus B\) Retrovirus C\) Paramyxovirus D\) Herpesvirus E\) Flavivirus ### **18. What is the characteristic symptom of pharyngitis?** A\) Dry cough B\) Rash C\) Swollen neck lymph nodes D\) Chest pain E\) Shortness of breath ### **19. What is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection?** A\) Severe chest pain B\) Lymphadenopathy and sore throat C\) Rash and jaundice D\) Difficulty breathing E\) Nausea and vomiting ### **20. Which pathogen is commonly responsible for bacterial pharyngitis?** A\) Staphylococcus aureus B\) Streptococcus pyogenes C\) Haemophilus influenzae D\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae E\) Influenza virus ### **21. Which of the following viruses can lead to serious pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?** A\) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) B\) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) C\) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) D\) Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) E\) Influenza virus ### **22. What is the main causative organism for viral pharyngitis?** A\) Streptococcus pneumoniae B\) Epstein-Barr virus C\) Respiratory syncytial virus D\) Staphylococcus aureus E\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae ### **23. What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)?** A\) Antihistamines B\) Antibiotics such as penicillin C\) Antiviral medications D\) Antipyretics only E\) Steroid therapy ### **24. Which of the following conditions may require hospitalization when pneumonia severity is assessed?** A\) CRB65 score of 2 or higher B\) Respiratory rate \35g/dl ### **25. What is the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis (IE)?** A\) Joint pain B\) Heart murmur C\) Night sweats D\) Severe fatigue E\) Sore throat ### **26. Which pathogen is responsible for the majority of cases of community-acquired pneumonia?** A\) Staphylococcus aureus B\) Streptococcus pneumoniae C\) Haemophilus influenzae D\) Legionella pneumophila E\) Klebsiella pneumoniae ### **27. What is the most common diagnostic method for detecting pneumonia?** A\) Blood culture B\) Sputum culture C\) Chest X-ray D\) PCR test E\) Urine antigen test ### **28. What is the primary function of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the body?** A\) To stimulate red blood cell production B\) To indicate liver inflammation C\) To suppress bacterial growth D\) To reduce immune responses E\) To increase white blood cell count ### **29. What does a CRB65 score of 1 indicate in the context of pneumonia?** A\) Need for intensive care B\) Need for outpatient treatment C\) Low severity pneumonia D\) Potential for severe complications E\) Requirement for antibiotic therapy ### **30. In pneumonia assessment, which factor is associated with increased severity?** A\) Age \100/60 mmHg C\) Rapid heartbeat \>100 bpm D\) Respiratory rate \35g/dl ### **31. What is a typical feature of atypical pneumonia?** A\) Rapid onset of fever B\) Dry cough that progresses to sputum C\) Wheezing and shortness of breath D\) Less severe symptoms compared to typical pneumonia E\) Involvement of only one lung ### **32. Which test is used to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients?** A\) Electrocardiogram B\) Chest X-ray C\) Bronchoscopy D\) Arterial blood gas test E\) Fluid sampling from lung or trachea ### **33. What is the most likely cause of a patient presenting with fever, malaise, and confusion in the hospital within 72 hours of admission?** A\) Community-acquired pneumonia B\) Nosocomial pneumonia C\) Tuberculosis D\) Viral infection E\) Influenza infection ### **34. What pathogen is most commonly responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?** A\) Streptococcus pneumoniae B\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae C\) Pseudomonas aeruginosa D\) Haemophilus influenzae E\) Legionella pneumophila ### **35. Which of the following organisms is often implicated in secondary pneumonia following an influenza infection?** A\) Haemophilus influenzae B\) Mycoplasma pneumoniae C\) Staphylococcus aureus D\) Streptococcus pneumoniae E\) Legionella pneumophila **Answer guide** ---------------- 1. **What is the typical cause of bronchitis in most cases?** **C) Viral infection** **Explanation:** Most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viral infections, including respiratory viruses like influenza, rhinovirus, and others. 2. **Which of the following is typically NOT a symptom of bronchitis?** **D) Muscle aches** **Explanation:** Common symptoms of bronchitis include a nagging cough, shortness of breath, chills, and fever. Muscle aches are more typical of systemic infections like the flu. 3. **Which of the following pathogens is commonly associated with lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis?** **A) Mycoplasma pneumoniae** **Explanation:** Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common bacterial pathogen that causes bronchitis and pneumonia, especially in young adults. 4. **Under which circumstance would antibiotics be prescribed for bronchitis?** **B) If there is an elevated C-reactive protein level \>100mg/mL** **Explanation:** Antibiotics for bronchitis are typically prescribed if a bacterial infection is suspected, and a high C-reactive protein level may indicate bacterial rather than viral infection. 5. **Which of the following pathogens is considered a secondary invader in respiratory tract infections?** **A) Streptococcus pneumoniae** **Explanation:** Streptococcus pneumoniae often causes secondary bacterial infections after a viral illness, like a cold or flu, that weakens the immune system. 6. **What is the most common pathogen for subacute infective endocarditis (IE)?** **B) Viridans streptococci** **Explanation:** Viridans streptococci are the most common cause of subacute infective endocarditis, usually in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. 7. **Which cell type in the respiratory tract is responsible for secreting mucins?** **A) Goblet cells** **Explanation:** Goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium are responsible for secreting mucins, which form mucus that traps pathogens and debris. 8. **What is a key role of club cells in the respiratory tract?** **B) Detoxify harmful substances inhaled into the lungs** **Explanation:** Club cells help detoxify harmful substances and contribute to the repair of the respiratory epithelium. 9. **Which of the following is an example of a \"professional invader\" in the respiratory tract?** **E) Influenza virus** **Explanation:** The influenza virus is a primary pathogen (or \"professional invader\") that causes respiratory illness by directly infecting respiratory epithelial cells. 10. **What is the typical clinical presentation of the common cold?** **B) Sore throat, runny nose, and fever** **Explanation:** The common cold typically presents with symptoms such as a sore throat, runny nose, and mild fever. 11. **Which virus is commonly associated with the common cold?** **B) Rhinovirus** **Explanation:** Rhinovirus is the most common viral cause of the common cold, responsible for a large percentage of cases. 12. **What is the primary function of club cells in the respiratory system?** **B) Detoxify harmful inhaled substances** **Explanation:** Club cells are involved in detoxifying harmful chemicals and helping repair damaged tissue in the respiratory tract. 13. **Which pathogen is often associated with viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?** **B) Cytomegalovirus** **Explanation:** Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common cause of viral pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients or people with HIV. 14. **What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE) on native heart valves?** **B) Viridans streptococci** **Explanation:** Viridans streptococci are the most common cause of infective endocarditis on native heart valves, often in patients with dental procedures or poor oral hygiene. 15. **What is one of the most common complications of pneumonia?** **C) Pneumothorax** **Explanation:** Pneumothorax, or a collapsed lung, can be a serious complication of pneumonia, especially when it causes lung tissue damage. 16. **What laboratory test is most important for diagnosing infective endocarditis (IE)?** **B) Blood culture** **Explanation:** Blood cultures are crucial in diagnosing infective endocarditis as they identify the bacteria causing the infection. 17. **Which virus is the cause of influenza?** **A) Orthomyxovirus** **Explanation:** Influenza is caused by the orthomyxovirus family, which includes influenza A, B, and C viruses. 18. **What is the characteristic symptom of pharyngitis?** **C) Swollen neck lymph nodes** **Explanation:** Pharyngitis often presents with sore throat, swollen neck lymph nodes, and fever. It is a common symptom of both viral and bacterial infections. 19. **What is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection?** **B) Lymphadenopathy and sore throat** **Explanation:** Epstein-Barr virus infection typically causes sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes, leading to infectious mononucleosis. 20. **Which pathogen is commonly responsible for bacterial pharyngitis?** **B) Streptococcus pyogenes** **Explanation:** Streptococcus pyogenes is the primary cause of bacterial pharyngitis, or strep throat, characterized by a sore throat, fever, and sometimes a rash. 21. **Which of the following viruses can lead to serious pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals?** **A) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)** **Explanation:** Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of serious pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or post-transplant patients. 22. **What is the main causative organism for viral pharyngitis?** **B) Epstein-Barr virus** **Explanation:** Epstein-Barr virus is the leading cause of viral pharyngitis, often associated with infectious mononucleosis. 23. **What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)?** **B) Antibiotics such as penicillin** **Explanation:** Bacterial pharyngitis is treated with antibiotics like penicillin to eradicate the Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and prevent complications. 24. **Which of the following conditions may require hospitalization when pneumonia severity is assessed?** **A) CRB65 score of 2 or higher** **Explanation:** A CRB65 score of 2 or higher indicates moderate to severe pneumonia, which may necessitate hospitalization. 25. **What is the hallmark symptom of infective endocarditis (IE)?** **B) Heart murmur** **Explanation:** The hallmark of infective endocarditis is the development of a new or changed heart murmur due to valve damage. 26. **Which pathogen is responsible for the majority of cases of community-acquired pneumonia?** **B) Streptococcus pneumoniae** **Explanation:** Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative organism of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 27. **What is the most common diagnostic method for detecting pneumonia?** **C) Chest X-ray** **Explanation:** Chest X-ray is the most common diagnostic method for confirming pneumonia by visualizing lung inflammation and consolidation. 28. **What is the primary function of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the body?** **B) To indicate liver inflammation** **Explanation:** CRP is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, often elevated in infections like pneumonia. 29. **What does a CRB65 score of 1 indicate in the context of pneumonia?** **C) Low severity pneumonia** **Explanation:** A CRB65 score of 1 indicates a lower risk of complications and may suggest that pneumonia can be managed outpatient. 30. **In pneumonia assessment, which factor is associated with increased severity?** **C) Rapid heartbeat \>100 bpm** **Explanation:** A rapid heart rate (tachycardia) often indicates severe pneumonia or respiratory distress and may require more intensive care. 31. **What is a typical feature of atypical pneumonia?** **D) Less severe symptoms compared to typical pneumonia** **Explanation:** Atypical pneumonia tends to have less severe symptoms, such as a mild fever and dry cough, and is caused by organisms like Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. 32. **Which test is used to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia in critically ill patients?** **C) Bronchoscopy** **Explanation:** Bronchoscopy is used in critically ill patients to obtain samples from the lungs and confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia, especially when other tests are inconclusive. 33. **What is the most likely cause of a patient presenting with fever, malaise, and confusion in the hospital within 72 hours of admission?** **B) Nosocomial pneumonia** **Explanation:** Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia is common in patients who develop fever, malaise, and confusion within 72 hours of admission to a healthcare facility. 34. **What pathogen is most commonly responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?** **C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa** **Explanation:** Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised patients. 35. **Which of the following organisms is often implicated in secondary pneumonia following an influenza infection?** **C) Staphylococcus aureus** **Explanation:** Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is often implicated in secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza.