Hypertension and Socioeconomic Impact

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about hypertension?

  • Hypertension is the most common chronic disease among children in the United States.
  • Hypertension is the leading risk factor for premature death, disability, and overall disease burden worldwide. (correct)
  • Hypertension can only be treated with medication.
  • Hypertension does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or stroke.

Which of the following increases the risk of death from stroke or heart disease?

  • Each increase of 20 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (correct)
  • Each increase of 10 mm Hg in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
  • Each decrease of 10 mm Hg in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
  • Each decrease of 20 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure (SBP)

What is the threshold for diagnosing hypertension in terms of blood pressure?

  • SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher (correct)
  • DBP of 80 mm Hg or higher
  • SBP of 130 mm Hg or higher
  • DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension according to the text?

<p>Physical fitness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating blood pressure according to the text?

<p>Blood pressure = cardiac output - peripheral resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults with hypertension have secondary hypertension according to the text?

<p>5% to 10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements about the diagnosis of hypertension is most accurate?

<p>Hypertension must be diagnosed based on an average of two or more accurate readings taken one to 4 weeks apart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the ACC/AHA guideline, what is the blood pressure category that was previously labeled as prehypertension?

<p>Elevated blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Caucasian men?

<p>48.2% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

<p>MAP = \frac{2},{3} \cdot DBP + \frac{1},{3} \cdot SBP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure?

<p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = HR \times SV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

<p>SVR = \frac{MAP},{CO} (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating pulse rate?

<p>Pulse Rate = \frac{60},{RR} (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

<p>SV = \frac{CO},{HR} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common consequence of hypertension?

<p>Coronary artery disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

<p>Nocturia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension?

<p>Retinal hemorrhages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension?

<p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for accurate blood pressure measurement?

<p>Blood pressure measurement within a clinical setting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of hypertension that occurs in health care settings but not in other settings?

<p>White coat hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abnormal findings from a physical examination could suggest target organ damage or secondary hypertension?

<p>Absence of peripheral pulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to increases in blood pressure that occur with aging?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant form of hypertension in older people?

<p>Isolated systolic hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the changes in blood vessels and kidneys with aging?

<p>Decreased elasticity of major blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to lower blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension?

<p>Combination of lifestyle modifications and medication therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with aging?

<p>SBP increases and DBP decreases with aging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lowering blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension?

<p>Decreased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

<p>Both elevated blood pressure and physical abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) according to the text?

<p>Presence of an S3 cardiac sound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

<p>130/80 mm Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended laboratory test for assessing target organ damage in hypertension?

<p>Echocardiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often should a patient with an elevated blood pressure (BP) be advised to follow up with additional BP readings according to the text?

<p>Within 1 month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for diagnosing white coat hypertension or masked hypertension according to the text?

<p>Average blood pressure readings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a patient be diagnosed with hypertension and begin treatment with antihypertensive medications according to the text?

<p>Average blood pressure readings greater than or equal to 160/100 mm Hg on one occasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time frame for confirming or ruling out a diagnosis of hypertension based on blood pressure (BP) readings according to the text?

<p>1 month (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

<p>Dietary changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of sodium for patients with hypertension?

<p>Less than 2 g/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for patients with hypertension?

<p>3500 to 5000 mg/day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patients should avoid a high potassium diet?

<p>Patients with CKD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

<p>3 to 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

<p>Lifestyle changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension?

<p>Lifestyle changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is recommended by the ACC/AHA Guidelines to screen patients diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension for risk of adverse cardiac events?

<p>ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are considered by the ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus to determine the risk of adverse cardiac events?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

<p>120/80 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP) according to the text?

<p>MAP = (SBP + 2(DBP))/3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for accurate blood pressure measurement according to the text?

<p>Using a wrist cuff instead of an arm cuff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure according to the text?

<p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension according to the text?

<p>Lifestyle modifications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Caucasian men according to the text?

<p>40% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

<p>Coronary artery disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

<p>&lt;120/80 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

<p>MAP = (SBP + DBP) / 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of sodium for patients with hypertension?

<p>&lt;1500 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

<p>Reducing sodium intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

<p>Chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension?

<p>Lifestyle modifications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for managing blood pressure control according to the text?

<p>Providing written information about the expected effects and side effects of medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Improved medication adherence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended action for patients who experience side effects from antihypertensive medications according to the text?

<p>Being aware of the possibility of rebound hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of suddenly stopping prescribed antihypertensive medications according to the text?

<p>Rebound hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

<p>Increased risk of falls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

<p>Educating patients about self-care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended consideration for managing hypertension in older adults according to the text?

<p>Increasing the number of antihypertensive medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of long standing or poorly controlled hypertension according to the text?

<p>Retinal blood vessel damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the heart as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the nervous system as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension according to the text?

<p>Regular physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for diagnosing hypertension according to the text?

<p>Self-reported blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Increased adherence to medication regimen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for patients who experience side effects from antihypertensive medications according to the text?

<p>Switch to a different medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rebound hypertension characterized by according to the text?

<p>A pathologically high blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for patients to pack their medication when traveling by airplane according to the text?

<p>In a carry-on bag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

<p>Dry cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

<p>Encourage patients to measure their blood pressure at home (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Every 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Nosebleeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

<p>MAP = (2/3) * diastolic pressure + (1/3) * systolic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

<p>Reducing sodium intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating pulse rate?

<p>Pulse rate = (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

<p>Lifestyle modifications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

<p>SV = (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following increases the risk of death from stroke or heart disease?

<p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

<p>Decreased urine output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

<p>MAP = (SBP + 2(DBP))/3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

<p>Dry cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = SV x HR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended consideration for managing hypertension in older adults according to the text?

<p>Polypharmacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure?

<p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

<p>SV = HR/CO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the heart as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors may be associated with adherence to antihypertensive medication prescriptions according to the research findings?

<p>Health beliefs and social support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential complications of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Cerebrovascular disease and retinal hemorrhage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major goals for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Control blood pressure without adverse effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nurse's role in the care of patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Supporting and educating patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Difficulty adhering to prescribed regimen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential benefits of nurse-led wellness programs for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Improved blood pressure control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies to promote effective health management for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Providing immediate feedback and a sense of control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential collaborative problem/complication associated with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Cerebrovascular disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major goal for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to lower blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension according to the text?

<p>Combination of lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients achieve blood pressure control according to the text?

<p>54% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Mexican American men according to the text?

<p>39% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP) according to the text?

<p>MAP = (2 * DBP + SBP) / 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential nursing diagnosis for a patient with hypertension?

<p>Impaired ability to manage regime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of patients who achieve blood pressure control according to the text?

<p>54% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of hypertension according to the text?

<p>Retinal hemorrhage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

<p>Self-monitoring of blood pressure and diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating pulse pressure according to the text?

<p>Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

<p>Improved medication adherence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension according to the text?

<p>3-6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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