Hypertension and Socioeconomic Impact
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about hypertension?

  • Hypertension is the most common chronic disease among children in the United States.
  • Hypertension is the leading risk factor for premature death, disability, and overall disease burden worldwide. (correct)
  • Hypertension can only be treated with medication.
  • Hypertension does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or stroke.

    • Which of the following increases the risk of death from stroke or heart disease?

  • Each increase of 20 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (correct)
  • Each increase of 10 mm Hg in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
  • Each decrease of 10 mm Hg in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
  • Each decrease of 20 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure (SBP)

    • What is the threshold for diagnosing hypertension in terms of blood pressure?

  • SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher (correct)
  • DBP of 80 mm Hg or higher
  • SBP of 130 mm Hg or higher
  • DBP of 90 mm Hg or higher

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Physical fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating blood pressure according to the text?

    <p>Blood pressure = cardiac output - peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults with hypertension have secondary hypertension according to the text?

    <p>5% to 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements about the diagnosis of hypertension is most accurate?

    <p>Hypertension must be diagnosed based on an average of two or more accurate readings taken one to 4 weeks apart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ACC/AHA guideline, what is the blood pressure category that was previously labeled as prehypertension?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Caucasian men?

    <p>48.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = \frac{2},{3} \cdot DBP + \frac{1},{3} \cdot SBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure?

    <p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR \times SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

    <p>SVR = \frac{MAP},{CO}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating pulse rate?

    <p>Pulse Rate = \frac{60},{RR}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>SV = \frac{CO},{HR}</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Retinal hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for accurate blood pressure measurement?

    <p>Blood pressure measurement within a clinical setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of hypertension that occurs in health care settings but not in other settings?

    <p>White coat hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following abnormal findings from a physical examination could suggest target organ damage or secondary hypertension?

    <p>Absence of peripheral pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contribute to increases in blood pressure that occur with aging?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant form of hypertension in older people?

    <p>Isolated systolic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the changes in blood vessels and kidneys with aging?

    <p>Decreased elasticity of major blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to lower blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension?

    <p>Combination of lifestyle modifications and medication therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with aging?

    <p>SBP increases and DBP decreases with aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lowering blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension?

    <p>Decreased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

    <p>Both elevated blood pressure and physical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) according to the text?

    <p>Presence of an S3 cardiac sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

    <p>130/80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended laboratory test for assessing target organ damage in hypertension?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should a patient with an elevated blood pressure (BP) be advised to follow up with additional BP readings according to the text?

    <p>Within 1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for diagnosing white coat hypertension or masked hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Average blood pressure readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient be diagnosed with hypertension and begin treatment with antihypertensive medications according to the text?

    <p>Average blood pressure readings greater than or equal to 160/100 mm Hg on one occasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time frame for confirming or ruling out a diagnosis of hypertension based on blood pressure (BP) readings according to the text?

    <p>1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

    <p>Dietary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of sodium for patients with hypertension?

    <p>Less than 2 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for patients with hypertension?

    <p>3500 to 5000 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients should avoid a high potassium diet?

    <p>Patients with CKD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

    <p>3 to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension?

    <p>Lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is recommended by the ACC/AHA Guidelines to screen patients diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension for risk of adverse cardiac events?

    <p>ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are considered by the ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus to determine the risk of adverse cardiac events?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

    <p>120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP) according to the text?

    <p>MAP = (SBP + 2(DBP))/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for accurate blood pressure measurement according to the text?

    <p>Using a wrist cuff instead of an arm cuff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure according to the text?

    <p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Lifestyle modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Caucasian men according to the text?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential manifestation of hypertension?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended goal for blood pressure (BP) control according to the text?

    <p>&lt;120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = (SBP + DBP) / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of sodium for patients with hypertension?

    <p>&lt;1500 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

    <p>Reducing sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for patients with stage 1 hypertension?

    <p>Lifestyle modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for managing blood pressure control according to the text?

    <p>Providing written information about the expected effects and side effects of medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Improved medication adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended action for patients who experience side effects from antihypertensive medications according to the text?

    <p>Being aware of the possibility of rebound hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of suddenly stopping prescribed antihypertensive medications according to the text?

    <p>Rebound hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

    <p>Increased risk of falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

    <p>Educating patients about self-care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended consideration for managing hypertension in older adults according to the text?

    <p>Increasing the number of antihypertensive medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of long standing or poorly controlled hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Retinal blood vessel damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the heart as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the nervous system as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for diagnosing hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Self-reported blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Increased adherence to medication regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for patients who experience side effects from antihypertensive medications according to the text?

    <p>Switch to a different medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rebound hypertension characterized by according to the text?

    <p>A pathologically high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for patients to pack their medication when traveling by airplane according to the text?

    <p>In a carry-on bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

    <p>Dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

    <p>Encourage patients to measure their blood pressure at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Every 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Nosebleeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = (2/3) * diastolic pressure + (1/3) * systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle changes has been found to be one of the most effective in lowering blood pressure?

    <p>Reducing sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating pulse rate?

    <p>Pulse rate = (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension?

    <p>Lifestyle modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>SV = (systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases the risk of death from stroke or heart disease?

    <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the kidneys as a consequence of hypertension?

    <p>Decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>MAP = (SBP + 2(DBP))/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of beta-blockers according to the text?

    <p>Dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = SV x HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended consideration for managing hypertension in older adults according to the text?

    <p>Polypharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating pulse pressure?

    <p>Pulse Pressure = SBP - DBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct equation for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>SV = HR/CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the heart as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the brain as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may be associated with adherence to antihypertensive medication prescriptions according to the research findings?

    <p>Health beliefs and social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Cerebrovascular disease and retinal hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major goals for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Control blood pressure without adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nurse's role in the care of patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Supporting and educating patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Difficulty adhering to prescribed regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential benefits of nurse-led wellness programs for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Improved blood pressure control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the strategies to promote effective health management for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Providing immediate feedback and a sense of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential collaborative problem/complication associated with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Cerebrovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major goal for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to lower blood pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Combination of lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients achieve blood pressure control according to the text?

    <p>54%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of hypertension among Mexican American men according to the text?

    <p>39%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of target organ damage in the eyes as a consequence of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP) according to the text?

    <p>MAP = (2 * DBP + SBP) / 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential nursing diagnosis for a patient with hypertension?

    <p>Impaired ability to manage regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of patients who achieve blood pressure control according to the text?

    <p>54%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Retinal hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to involve patients in their own blood pressure management according to the text?

    <p>Self-monitoring of blood pressure and diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating pulse pressure according to the text?

    <p>Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of support groups for patients with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>Improved medication adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up period for patients with elevated blood pressure but not diagnosed with hypertension according to the text?

    <p>3-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

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