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Questions and Answers
What can an embolus that leaves the left ventricle potentially cause?
What can an embolus that leaves the left ventricle potentially cause?
Peripheral edema is a result of arterial thrombosis.
Peripheral edema is a result of arterial thrombosis.
False (B)
What is athero-sclerosis primarily characterized by?
What is athero-sclerosis primarily characterized by?
formation of plaque and hardening of arteries
An embolus that leaves the right ventricle can lead to _______.
An embolus that leaves the right ventricle can lead to _______.
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Match the terms to their correct definitions:
Match the terms to their correct definitions:
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Which of the following is a key advantage of allogenic bone marrow transplant over autologous bone marrow transplant?
Which of the following is a key advantage of allogenic bone marrow transplant over autologous bone marrow transplant?
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Aplastic anemia leads to increased production of red blood cells.
Aplastic anemia leads to increased production of red blood cells.
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What hormone do kidneys produce that stimulates red blood cell production?
What hormone do kidneys produce that stimulates red blood cell production?
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Iron deficiency leads to _____ color, microcytic red blood cells, and low MCV.
Iron deficiency leads to _____ color, microcytic red blood cells, and low MCV.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of aplastic anemia?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of aplastic anemia?
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Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ion.
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ion.
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Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of _____ factor.
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of _____ factor.
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Match the following anemias with their causes:
Match the following anemias with their causes:
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What is the primary gene implicated in inhibiting apoptotic cell death in CML?
What is the primary gene implicated in inhibiting apoptotic cell death in CML?
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CML cells are immature compared to AML cells.
CML cells are immature compared to AML cells.
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Name one symptom commonly associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Name one symptom commonly associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
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Multiple Myeloma mainly affects __________ tissue.
Multiple Myeloma mainly affects __________ tissue.
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Which treatment is NOT considered effective for Multiple Myeloma?
Which treatment is NOT considered effective for Multiple Myeloma?
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Match the following diseases with their key features:
Match the following diseases with their key features:
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Allogenic bone marrow transplantation is a treatment option for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
Allogenic bone marrow transplantation is a treatment option for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.
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What type of cells does Hairy Cell Leukemia primarily affect?
What type of cells does Hairy Cell Leukemia primarily affect?
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The excessive production of __________ antibodies is a hallmark of Multiple Myeloma.
The excessive production of __________ antibodies is a hallmark of Multiple Myeloma.
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Which of the following is a common symptom of Hairy Cell Leukemia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of Hairy Cell Leukemia?
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What percentage of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases are due to malignant transformation of T-cells?
What percentage of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases are due to malignant transformation of T-cells?
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia primarily affects adults, with children being less commonly diagnosed.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia primarily affects adults, with children being less commonly diagnosed.
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Name two common symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Name two common symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
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The abnormality associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is found on the __________ chromosome.
The abnormality associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is found on the __________ chromosome.
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Match the types of leukemia with their common characteristics:
Match the types of leukemia with their common characteristics:
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Which treatment options are indicated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?
Which treatment options are indicated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?
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The prognosis for children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is poor, with a 5-year prognosis of only 30 to 50%.
The prognosis for children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is poor, with a 5-year prognosis of only 30 to 50%.
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Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) primarily affects __________ cells.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) primarily affects __________ cells.
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Hemophilia is an acquired coagulation disorder.
Hemophilia is an acquired coagulation disorder.
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What type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?
What type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?
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Which of the following is NOT a compensation mechanism for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
Which of the following is NOT a compensation mechanism for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?
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Type II hypersensitivity reactions occur within hours after exposure to the antigen.
Type II hypersensitivity reactions occur within hours after exposure to the antigen.
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What is the primary deficiency in Hemophilia A?
What is the primary deficiency in Hemophilia A?
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Vitamin K deficiency in newborns can lead to ______, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria.
Vitamin K deficiency in newborns can lead to ______, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria.
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Name one example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
Name one example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
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The primary cells involved in Type IV hypersensitivity are ______.
The primary cells involved in Type IV hypersensitivity are ______.
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding lab results.
Match the following conditions with their corresponding lab results.
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Match the following hypersensitivity types with their characteristics:
Match the following hypersensitivity types with their characteristics:
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Which of the following conditions is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following conditions is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
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Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of complement by an antigen-antibody complex.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of complement by an antigen-antibody complex.
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What type of cells are transformed in the majority of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cases?
What type of cells are transformed in the majority of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cases?
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The allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity typically occurs within ______ minutes after exposure.
The allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity typically occurs within ______ minutes after exposure.
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Which of the following is a common feature of cytotoxic hypersensitivity (Type II)?
Which of the following is a common feature of cytotoxic hypersensitivity (Type II)?
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Study Notes
Hypersensitivity Types
- Four types of hypersensitivity exist: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
- Type I, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is an allergic response to antigens or allergens.
- IgE antibodies bind to mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
- Symptoms typically appear within 15-30 minutes.
- Examples include allergic reactions, transfusion reactions, and some autoimmune diseases.
- Type II hypersensitivity, also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity, involves antibodies targeting antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell lysis.
- IgM and IgG antibodies may be involved, often with complement activation.
- This type of hypersensitivity also usually occurs within 15-30 minutes.
- Examples include transfusion reactions and some autoimmune diseases.
- Type III hypersensitivity, or immune complex hypersensitivity, involves the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues, triggering complement activation and inflammation.
- This occurs typically around 6 hours after exposure.
- Examples include glomerulonephritis and lupus.
- Type IV hypersensitivity, or cell-mediated hypersensitivity, is not antibody-mediated; instead, sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and cause inflammation.
- This response typically appears 24-48 hours post-exposure.
- Examples include contact dermatitis and some autoimmune diseases.
Additional Information
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer originating from myeloid cells, characterized by a specific chromosome abnormality (Ph chromosome).
- CML is more common in older adults.
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the blood-forming cells, affecting immature cells (lymphoblasts) and usually occurring in children.
- Multiple Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
- Hairy Cell Leukemia is a rare adult leukemia in which the cancerous blood cells look unusual under a microscope.
- In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks its own cells, leading to inflammation and dysfunction in affected organs.
- Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can cause harm to the body.
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Description
Explore the four types of hypersensitivity: Type I, II, III, and IV. This quiz delves into the mechanisms, symptoms, and examples of each hypersensitivity type. Ideal for students studying immunology and allergy responses.