Week 2 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What can an embolus that leaves the left ventricle potentially cause?

  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Ischemic stroke (correct)
  • Peripheral edema is a result of arterial thrombosis.

    False (B)

    What is athero-sclerosis primarily characterized by?

    formation of plaque and hardening of arteries

    An embolus that leaves the right ventricle can lead to _______.

    <p>pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their correct definitions:

    <p>Varicose veins = Superficial, darkened, raised veins DVT = Deep vein thrombosis affecting peripheral limbs Atherosclerosis = Formation of plaque in arteries Peripheral edema = Fluid accumulation due to venous obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key advantage of allogenic bone marrow transplant over autologous bone marrow transplant?

    <p>It has a lower risk of malignant cells being present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aplastic anemia leads to increased production of red blood cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone do kidneys produce that stimulates red blood cell production?

    <p>erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron deficiency leads to _____ color, microcytic red blood cells, and low MCV.

    <p>pale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Nutritional deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ion.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of _____ factor.

    <p>intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anemias with their causes:

    <p>Aplastic Anemia = Reduction in hematopoietic tissue Iron Deficiency Anemia = Lack of iron Pernicious Anemia = Lack of intrinsic factor Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Anemia = Exposure to certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gene implicated in inhibiting apoptotic cell death in CML?

    <p>BCR-ABL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CML cells are immature compared to AML cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one symptom commonly associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple Myeloma mainly affects __________ tissue.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is NOT considered effective for Multiple Myeloma?

    <p>Chemotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their key features:

    <p>CML = High granulocyte count and splenomegaly Multiple Myeloma = Malignant disorder of plasma cells Hairy Cell Leukemia = Presence of hairy appearing B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allogenic bone marrow transplantation is a treatment option for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does Hairy Cell Leukemia primarily affect?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The excessive production of __________ antibodies is a hallmark of Multiple Myeloma.

    <p>monoclonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Hairy Cell Leukemia?

    <p>Enlarged spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases are due to malignant transformation of T-cells?

    <p>20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia primarily affects adults, with children being less commonly diagnosed.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two common symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

    <p>Bone pain, fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abnormality associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is found on the __________ chromosome.

    <p>Philadelphia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of leukemia with their common characteristics:

    <p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia = Primarily affects children and exhibits abrupt onset Chronic Myeloid Leukemia = More prevalent in adults, especially men, and involves the Philadelphia chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment options are indicated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

    <p>Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prognosis for children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is poor, with a 5-year prognosis of only 30 to 50%.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) primarily affects __________ cells.

    <p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemophilia is an acquired coagulation disorder.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a compensation mechanism for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity?

    <p>Decreased cardiac output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II hypersensitivity reactions occur within hours after exposure to the antigen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deficiency in Hemophilia A?

    <p>Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin K deficiency in newborns can lead to ______, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria.

    <p>melena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction.

    <p>glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cells involved in Type IV hypersensitivity are ______.

    <p>T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding lab results.

    <p>Hemophilia = Prolonged bleeding time, prolonged aPTT, normal platelet count Vitamin K deficiency = Normal bleeding time, normal platelet count, increased PT and INR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hypersensitivity types with their characteristics:

    <p>Type I = Mediated by IgE antibodies Type II = Cytotoxic reactions leading to cell lysis Type III = Mediated by immune complex deposition Type IV = Mediated by T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Contact dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of complement by an antigen-antibody complex.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are transformed in the majority of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cases?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The allergic reaction in Type I hypersensitivity typically occurs within ______ minutes after exposure.

    <p>15 to 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of cytotoxic hypersensitivity (Type II)?

    <p>Lysis of target cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypersensitivity Types

    • Four types of hypersensitivity exist: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
    • Type I, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is an allergic response to antigens or allergens.
    • IgE antibodies bind to mast cells, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
    • Symptoms typically appear within 15-30 minutes.
    • Examples include allergic reactions, transfusion reactions, and some autoimmune diseases.
    • Type II hypersensitivity, also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity, involves antibodies targeting antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell lysis.
    • IgM and IgG antibodies may be involved, often with complement activation.
    • This type of hypersensitivity also usually occurs within 15-30 minutes.
    • Examples include transfusion reactions and some autoimmune diseases.
    • Type III hypersensitivity, or immune complex hypersensitivity, involves the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues, triggering complement activation and inflammation.
    • This occurs typically around 6 hours after exposure.
    • Examples include glomerulonephritis and lupus.
    • Type IV hypersensitivity, or cell-mediated hypersensitivity, is not antibody-mediated; instead, sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and cause inflammation.
    • This response typically appears 24-48 hours post-exposure.
    • Examples include contact dermatitis and some autoimmune diseases.

    Additional Information

    • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of blood cancer originating from myeloid cells, characterized by a specific chromosome abnormality (Ph chromosome).
    • CML is more common in older adults.
    • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the blood-forming cells, affecting immature cells (lymphoblasts) and usually occurring in children.
    • Multiple Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
    • Hairy Cell Leukemia is a rare adult leukemia in which the cancerous blood cells look unusual under a microscope.
    • In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks its own cells, leading to inflammation and dysfunction in affected organs.
    • Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can cause harm to the body.

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    PATH 370 Week 2 Outline PDF

    Description

    Explore the four types of hypersensitivity: Type I, II, III, and IV. This quiz delves into the mechanisms, symptoms, and examples of each hypersensitivity type. Ideal for students studying immunology and allergy responses.

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