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Questions and Answers
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by IgE binding to mast cells, leading to the release of histamines?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by IgE binding to mast cells, leading to the release of histamines?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Type I hypersensitivity?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Type I hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is an appropriate pharmacotherapy for managing Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is an appropriate pharmacotherapy for managing Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What pathophysiological process occurs in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What pathophysiological process occurs in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a risk factor that may lead to the development of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a risk factor that may lead to the development of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which diagnostic method is crucial in preventing transfusion reactions in Type II hypersensitivity?
Which diagnostic method is crucial in preventing transfusion reactions in Type II hypersensitivity?
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What characterizes Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What characterizes Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which conditions are commonly associated with Type III hypersensitivity?
Which conditions are commonly associated with Type III hypersensitivity?
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Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Type IV hypersensitivity?
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What is a key sign or symptom you might observe in a patient experiencing anaphylaxis due to Type I hypersensitivity?
What is a key sign or symptom you might observe in a patient experiencing anaphylaxis due to Type I hypersensitivity?
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Which treatment approach aims to create hypo-sensitization in patients with allergies?
Which treatment approach aims to create hypo-sensitization in patients with allergies?
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Patients diagnosed with which type of hypersensitivity are likely to experience tissue-specific damage due to antibody action?
Patients diagnosed with which type of hypersensitivity are likely to experience tissue-specific damage due to antibody action?
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What should be a key focus in planning care for patients who exhibit hypersensitivity reactions?
What should be a key focus in planning care for patients who exhibit hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a common outcome of effective treatment for individuals with Type I hypersensitivity?
What is a common outcome of effective treatment for individuals with Type I hypersensitivity?
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What causes the damage to cells and tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
What causes the damage to cells and tissues in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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Which diagnostic test is specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Which diagnostic test is specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
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What is the primary factor that exacerbates the inflammatory response in SLE?
What is the primary factor that exacerbates the inflammatory response in SLE?
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Which clinical manifestation is most indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which clinical manifestation is most indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Which risk factor is most commonly associated with diagnosing SLE?
Which risk factor is most commonly associated with diagnosing SLE?
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What type of medication is primarily used to treat severe manifestations of SLE?
What type of medication is primarily used to treat severe manifestations of SLE?
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What is a common effect of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with SLE?
What is a common effect of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with SLE?
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Which symptom is frequently associated with exposure to sunlight in SLE patients?
Which symptom is frequently associated with exposure to sunlight in SLE patients?
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Which of the following is NOT a nursing diagnosis associated with SLE?
Which of the following is NOT a nursing diagnosis associated with SLE?
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What condition might lead to proteinuria in SLE patients?
What condition might lead to proteinuria in SLE patients?
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What effect does high-dose corticosteroid treatment have on a patient's nutrition?
What effect does high-dose corticosteroid treatment have on a patient's nutrition?
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What is a common nursing intervention for promoting skin integrity in SLE patients?
What is a common nursing intervention for promoting skin integrity in SLE patients?
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Which demographic is at a higher risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus?
Which demographic is at a higher risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus?
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Study Notes
Hypersensitivity Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Hypersensitivity is the body's natural or induced response to foreign agents
- Immunocompromised patients have an ineffective immune system
- Hypersensitivity is an overreaction of the immune system
- Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
- Immunodeficiency is an incompetent immune system
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: Localized or systemic
- Antibodies bind to cells, release substances, causing inflammation
- Examples include asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies
- Type II: Tissue-specific reaction
- Antibodies activate systems causing tissue damage
- Examples include transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and ABO incompatibility
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated reaction
- Immune complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation
- Examples include serum sickness and acute glomerulonephritis
- Type IV: Delayed reactions
- Cell-mediated immune response where antigens stimulate T-cells
- Examples include contact dermatitis and the TB skin test
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Type I Hypersensitivity
- IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, also known as common hypersensitivity reactions
- Triggered when allergens interact with free IgE
- IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, releasing histamines
- Common allergens include ingested foods, inhaled substances, or injected substances
- Type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions often cause anaphylaxis (acute systemic response)
- Histamine and other mediators are released
- Localized responses are more common than anaphylaxis
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Type I Hypersensitivity
- Sign/symptoms occur within minutes
- IgE releases histamine and other mediators causing swelling, redness, itching, skin sensitivity, runny nose, bronchospasm, and wheezing
- Treatments include pharmacotherapy via non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihistamines
- Immunotherapy is a desensitization technique using repeated injections of allergens to reduce allergic response
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Type II Hypersensitivity
- Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- Occurs when IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigens, triggering a cascade hypersensitivity response leading to destruction of target cells
- Blood transfusions have to check for ABO blood types for compatibility
Pathophysiology and Etiology of Type III Hypersensitivity
- Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
- Results from formation of antibody-antigen immune complexes in the circulatory system (IgG or IgM)
- These immune complexes deposit in capillaries or joints, activating complement cascades, and causing inflammatory damage
Type III Hypersensitivity - Systemic
- Immune complexes are deposited in small blood vessels of organs and tissues
- Serum sickness is a response to some medications
Type III Hypersensitivity - Localized Disease
- Deposited in joints cause arthritis
- Deposited in kidneys cause glomerulonephritis
- Deposited in connective tissue causes SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).
Overview of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Chronic, inflammatory connective tissue disease
- Affects almost all body systems
- Autoantibodies are created and deposited, causing inflammation and damage to the tissues
Autoantibodies
- Immune system loses the ability to distinguish self from non-self
- Results from hyperactivity of B cells
- Often diagnosed in teen or early adult years
Pathophysiology and Etiology of SLE Autoantibodies
- Produce immune complexes that react with corresponding antigens
- Deposited into connective tissue
- This immune complex deposition triggers an inflammatory response
- Tissues are damaged due to localized response
Risk Factors of SLE
- Women of childbearing age are at higher risk (90%)
- More common in African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asians.
Clinical Manifestations of SLE
- Early manifestations include joint pain
- Red butterfly rash across cheeks and nose bridge
- Diffuse maculopapular rash on sun-exposed skin.
- Various internal organ involvement.
Diagnostic Tests for SLE
- Anti-DNA antibody test: a specific indicator
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): increased due to inflammation
- CBC: may show anemia or leukopenia
- Urinalysis: presence of proteinuria during exacerbations.
Drug Therapy for SLE
- Anti-malarials (hydroxychloroquine) for skin and arthritic symptoms
- Corticosteroids (high doses of prednisone) for severe symptoms, initially at high doses that are later tapered as much as possible.
- Immunosuppressive agents (cyclophosphamide or azathioprine): for severe disease; increased risk for infection, malignancy, and bone marrow depression
Nursing Process Assessment of SLE
- Nutritional status
- Skin
- Respiratory
- Musculoskeletal
- Neurological
- GI
- Psychosocial
- Pain
Diagnoses related to SLE
- Risk for Infection
- Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
- Chronic pain
- Risk for activity intolerance
Implementation for SLE
- Promote adequate nutrition
- Promote skin integrity
- Promote rest and comfort
Evaluation of SLE
- Patient maintains healthy weight, skin, and a balance of rest and activity/exercise
- Patient takes medication as directed to prevent side effects; prevent any negative impact on health from steroid use
- Patient maintains a positive body image
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Description
This quiz explores the types and mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions, particularly in relation to systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune disorders. Understand how the immune system can overreact and lead to various clinical conditions such as asthma and transfusion reactions. Test your knowledge on the classifications and examples of hypersensitivity.
