60 Questions
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of complexes between antigens and antibodies?
Type 3 hypersensitivity
What is the main characteristic of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
It is caused by a pathogenic antibody
Which immunological component is involved in all diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis?
The immune system
What classification scheme is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?
Kellen Coombs classification
Which classification system is discussed in the text?
Callan Coombs
What is the aim of the lecture mentioned in the text?
To introduce a classification system for immunological diseases
What can happen in situations of too little immuno immunity?
The immune system may fail to control infection
What is the main topic of the lecture mentioned at the end of the series?
Immunodeficiency
Which type of hypersensitivity is caused by complexes of antibody and antigen?
Type three hypersensitivity
Where do soluble immune complexes usually get removed?
Spleen
What are the situations that can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?
A large excess of antigen or a large quantity of antibody
What is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?
Infective endocarditis
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?
Type three hypersensitivity
What is the main characteristic of type one hypersensitivity?
It involves the release of histamine from mast cells
Which blood group is considered a universal donor?
Blood Group O
What is the main function of IgG antibodies in type one hypersensitivity?
To pick up antibodies from the blood
Which process is responsible for causing an immunologically mediated reaction?
Ionisation
What is the role of a sensitising agent in the immune response?
Binding to proteins
What is the main characteristic of sensitising agents?
Small and highly reactive molecules
What is the protein hatching complex formed by?
Sensitising agents and self proteins
Is sensitisation process considered an autoimmune disease?
No
What is the role of Langerhans cells in the immune response?
Presenting protein complexes
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is exemplified by the case of mismatched blood transfusion described in the text?
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
What is the antigen system involved in the development of haemolytic disease of the newborn?
D
What is the purpose of giving A.D antibody to a racist negative mother during pregnancy?
To prevent sensitization to foetal red cells
How does autoimmune haemolysis lead to the destruction of red cells?
By both removal by macrophages and activation of terminal complement
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by symptoms that are directly mediated by pathogenic T cells?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What is the old-fashioned name for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
What are the two classic situations associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Thermal filling mold spores and pigeon feather antigens
What is the main difference between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergy?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is delayed while allergy is immediate
Which cells are responsible for releasing histamine, tryptase, and other pre-formed mediators in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
Tissue mast cells and circulating basophils
What is the main effect of histamine release in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?
Rapid degranulation of the mast cell
Which blood group system is considered the major one?
ABO
What is the secondary classification in the blood group system?
Rhesus
What is the potential consequence of maternal sensitization to fetal red cells during pregnancy?
Hydrops fetalis
What is the purpose of giving anti-D IgG to Rhesus-negative mothers during pregnancy?
To prevent sensitization
What is the potential risk reduction achieved by giving anti-D IgG to Rhesus-negative mothers during pregnancy?
0% per pregnancy
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of complexes between antigens and antibodies?
Type III hypersensitivity
What are isoantibodies and what do they develop against?
Antibodies that develop against similar antigens on surface of gut bacteria and cross-react with red cell antigens
What is the main characteristic of type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Formation of immune complexes
What is the condition characterized by the destruction of fetal red cells due to isoantibodies?
Haemolytic disease of the newborn
Which one of the following situations can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?
All of the above
What is the potential consequence of autoimmune haemolysis in the fetus?
Hydrops fetalis
Which one of the following is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?
Infective endocarditis
What is the main characteristic of sensitising agents?
They can bind to a protein to alter its immunogenicity
Which one of the following is an example of a sensitising agent?
Nickel
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is exemplified by the case of contact dermatitis?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What is the main difference between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergy?
The type of antigen involved
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?
Type IV hypersensitivity
What classification scheme is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?
Gell and Coombes classification
Which classification system is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?
Type I-IV hypersensitivity reactions
What is the main characteristic of type 1 hypersensitivity?
IgE antibody directed against allergen triggers mast cell degranulation
What is the main characteristic of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
A pathogenic antibody directly causes diseases
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?
Type IV
What is the antigen system involved in the development of haemolytic disease of the newborn?
IgG antibody
What is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?
Serum sickness
Which process is responsible for causing an immunologically mediated reaction?
Inappropriate activation of the immune system
What is the main function of IgG antibodies in type 1 hypersensitivity?
Trigger mast cell degranulation
What are the situations that can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?
All of the above
What can happen in situations of too little immunity?
Infection control can fail
Test your knowledge on hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Learn about the clinical aspects and environmental antigens associated with this condition.
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