T1 L9: Overview and classification of immunological diseases (MTz)
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of complexes between antigens and antibodies?

  • Type 1 hypersensitivity
  • Type 4 hypersensitivity
  • Type 2 hypersensitivity
  • Type 3 hypersensitivity (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

  • It is characterized by the release of histamine
  • It is caused by a pathogenic antibody (correct)
  • It is caused by an environmental allergen
  • It is mediated by immunity but not autoimmune or allergic

    • Which immunological component is involved in all diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis?

  • Tolerance
  • Histamine
  • Antibodies
  • The immune system (correct)

    • What classification scheme is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?

    <p>Kellen Coombs classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is discussed in the text?

    <p>Callan Coombs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the lecture mentioned in the text?

    <p>To introduce a classification system for immunological diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen in situations of too little immuno immunity?

    <p>The immune system may fail to control infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main topic of the lecture mentioned at the end of the series?

    <p>Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is caused by complexes of antibody and antigen?

    <p>Type three hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do soluble immune complexes usually get removed?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the situations that can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?

    <p>A large excess of antigen or a large quantity of antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?

    <p>Infective endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?

    <p>Type three hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of type one hypersensitivity?

    <p>It involves the release of histamine from mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group is considered a universal donor?

    <p>Blood Group O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IgG antibodies in type one hypersensitivity?

    <p>To pick up antibodies from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for causing an immunologically mediated reaction?

    <p>Ionisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a sensitising agent in the immune response?

    <p>Binding to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sensitising agents?

    <p>Small and highly reactive molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein hatching complex formed by?

    <p>Sensitising agents and self proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is sensitisation process considered an autoimmune disease?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Langerhans cells in the immune response?

    <p>Presenting protein complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is exemplified by the case of mismatched blood transfusion described in the text?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antigen system involved in the development of haemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of giving A.D antibody to a racist negative mother during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent sensitization to foetal red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does autoimmune haemolysis lead to the destruction of red cells?

    <p>By both removal by macrophages and activation of terminal complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by symptoms that are directly mediated by pathogenic T cells?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the old-fashioned name for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

    <p>Extrinsic allergic alveolitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classic situations associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

    <p>Thermal filling mold spores and pigeon feather antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergy?

    <p>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is delayed while allergy is immediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for releasing histamine, tryptase, and other pre-formed mediators in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Tissue mast cells and circulating basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of histamine release in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Rapid degranulation of the mast cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group system is considered the major one?

    <p>ABO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secondary classification in the blood group system?

    <p>Rhesus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of maternal sensitization to fetal red cells during pregnancy?

    <p>Hydrops fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of giving anti-D IgG to Rhesus-negative mothers during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk reduction achieved by giving anti-D IgG to Rhesus-negative mothers during pregnancy?

    <p>0% per pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of complexes between antigens and antibodies?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoantibodies and what do they develop against?

    <p>Antibodies that develop against similar antigens on surface of gut bacteria and cross-react with red cell antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by the destruction of fetal red cells due to isoantibodies?

    <p>Haemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following situations can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of autoimmune haemolysis in the fetus?

    <p>Hydrops fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?

    <p>Infective endocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sensitising agents?

    <p>They can bind to a protein to alter its immunogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is an example of a sensitising agent?

    <p>Nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is exemplified by the case of contact dermatitis?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergy?

    <p>The type of antigen involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification scheme is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?

    <p>Gell and Coombes classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is commonly used to understand immunologically mediated diseases?

    <p>Type I-IV hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of type 1 hypersensitivity?

    <p>IgE antibody directed against allergen triggers mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>A pathogenic antibody directly causes diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves inflammation directly mediated by T cells?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antigen system involved in the development of haemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>IgG antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a condition where insoluble immune complexes can be seen?

    <p>Serum sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for causing an immunologically mediated reaction?

    <p>Inappropriate activation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of IgG antibodies in type 1 hypersensitivity?

    <p>Trigger mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the situations that can lead to the formation of insoluble immune complexes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen in situations of too little immunity?

    <p>Infection control can fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

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