Hypersensitivity and Connective Tissue-Bone
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of interstitial fluid?

  • It is the largest compartment in terms of fluid volume.
  • It contains only water with no electrolytes.
  • It is a medium where water and dissolved electrolytes reside. (correct)
  • It is directly responsible for blood pressure regulation.

    • Which pressure promotes absorption back into capillaries?

  • Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Interstitial fluid pressure
  • Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

    • What distinguishes pitting edema from non-pitting edema?

  • Non-pitting edema occurs only in arteries.
  • Pitting edema only occurs in the vascular compartment.
  • Pitting edema is characterized by free fluid in the interstitial space. (correct)
  • Pitting edema has no fluid buildup.

    • How do veins and venules differ from arteries and arterioles in their structure?

    <p>Veins can expand more due to thinner walls compared to arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arterial blood pressure when more blood is added to the body?

    <p>Arterial blood pressure increases due to the lack of distensibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following causes increased plasma volume relative to RBCs?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of jaundice is characterized by excessive RBC destruction?

    <p>Pre-hepatic jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom of anemia?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during primary hemostasis in the hemostatic process?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a genetic deficiency in clotting factors?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to chronic anemia potentially resulting in long-term damage to the heart?

    <p>Reduced oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the coagulation cascade, what activates thrombin?

    <p>The coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the aorta during systole?

    <p>To distend and store energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'thready' pulse typically indicate?

    <p>Low pulse pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sympathetic nervous system activation affect arterial pressure?

    <p>It promotes arterial vasoconstriction, increasing pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulse pressure measure?

    <p>The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stroke volume is true?

    <p>Greater stroke volume results in a greater rise and fall of pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to right atrial pressure during exercise?

    <p>Less time is spent in diastole, affecting pressure changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aortic elastic recoil during diastole?

    <p>It generates inward pressure to propel blood forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'bounding' pulse indicate?

    <p>A potential condition of elevated systolic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key indicator of potential DVT that is particularly important in individuals with darker skin tones?

    <p>Asymmetry in leg size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the diagnosis of DVT?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the immediate action taken upon suspecting a DVT?

    <p>Refer to the Emergency Room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of varicose veins in a limb suggests what, according to the given considerations?

    <p>May suggest venous insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a general risk factor for developing DVT?

    <p>Immobility during long flights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can complicate the diagnosis of DVT?

    <p>Cellulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation might an athlete be at increased risk for DVT?

    <p>During extreme dehydration from intense exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may trigger a rare case of upper extremity DVT shortly after vaccination?

    <p>Recent COVID-19 vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in muscle repair?

    <p>Enhancing cell survival by resisting oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes active immunity?

    <p>Protection resulting from direct exposure to a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of muscle healing, what function do satellite cells serve?

    <p>They convert into contractile muscle tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>It offers rapid and non-specific protection against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of diapedesis?

    <p>The active migration of leukocytes out of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an effusion?

    <p>Fluid leakage due to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin type is primarily associated with allergies?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'chemotaxis' refer to in the immune response?

    <p>The attraction of cells to an inflammatory site by chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of angiogenesis in muscle tissue repair?

    <p>To provide nutrients and oxygen to new muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'absolute refractory period' refer to in cardiac physiology?

    <p>The heart can’t be stimulated to contract at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the cough reflex?

    <p>Mechanical or chemical stimulation of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about airway resistance during inspiration is true?

    <p>Tissues are pulled apart, reducing airway resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Smooth muscle contraction in bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) during exercise?

    <p>It decreases as more oxygen is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the bloodstream?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does airway resistance change during expiration?

    <p>Airway resistance increases as tissues are compressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased lung compliance?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological event occurs during a sneeze reflex?

    <p>Irritation in the nasal pathways triggers a reflex response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Lack of blood flow to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO₂) at sea level?

    <p>100-105 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypersensitivity

    • Hypersensitivity is an increased immune response to antigens, causing undesirable clinical effects.
    • Type 1: Immediate Hypersensitivity (Atopy)
      • IgE is produced, releasing histamine, leading to allergic responses.
    • Type 2: Cytotoxic reactions to self-antigens.
      • Immune response to the body's own tissues (e.g., Goodpasture's syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis).
    • Type 3: Immune Complex Diseases.
      • Antigen-antibody complexes deposit around small blood vessels (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus).
    • Type 4: Cell-Mediated Immunity.
      • Delayed reactions to allergens (48-72 hours) (e.g., transplant rejections, contact dermatitis).

    Connective Tissue-Bone

    • Cortical bone (compact bone): majority of bone, tough outer layer covered by periosteum.
    • Cancellous bone (spongy or trabecular bone): contacts bone marrow.
    • Cellular components: osteoblasts (immature bone cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells), osteoclasts (break down ECM, release minerals).
    • Non-cellular components: osteoid (main component with collagen), hydroxyapatite (main mineralized component).

    Fracture Repair

    • Internal bleeding at the injury site, followed by clot formation with fibroblasts, platelets, and inflammatory cells.
    • Hematoma formation (lasts ~1 week), followed by inflammatory response and new blood vessel formation.
    • Soft callus forms, which then transforms into a hard callus.
    • Remodeling occurs, with woven bone replaced by lamellar bone over months to years.
    • Cytokines enhance resistance to oxidative stress, promoting muscle healing and new tissue regeneration.

    Satellite Cells

    • Satellite cells move into the injured muscle area and differentiate into contractile tissue (muscle cells).

    Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate: non-specific; rapidly eliminates pathogens (external defenses, phagocytes, soluble mediators).
    • Adaptive: specific; creates a memory response to fight off future pathogens.

    Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Humoral: Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes.
    • Cell-mediated: T-cells attacking pathogens directly.

    Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)

    • IgM: First antibody produced.
    • IgG: Long-lasting immunity.
    • IgA: Mucosal immunity.
    • IgE: Allergic reactions

    Blood Components

    • Plasma: 55-65% of total blood volume, primarily water and dissolved constituents.
    • Cellular Components: 35-45%, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
    • Hematocrit: Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.

    Spleen's Role

    • Removes old or dysfunctional RBCs, plays a role in immune responses.
    • Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) often occurs with dysfunctional RBC circulation (e.g., sickle cell disease).

    Exercise and Blood Volume

    • Increased RBC production due to EPO release.
    • Increased plasma volume during exercise.
    • Lower blood pressure due to improved vascular health.

    Blood Cell Production

    • Hematopoiesis: occurs primarily in bone marrow, and can occur outside the bone marrow (extramedullary hematopoiesis).

    Kidney Function and GFR

    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): volume of filtered plasma per minute.
    • Sympathetic role: vasoconstricts afferent arterioles, reducing GFR.

    Chronic Conditions Affecting Kidneys and Bladder

    • Hypertension: sympathetic overactivation causes glomerular hypertension, leading to proteinuria, scarring, and chronic kidney disease.
    • Diabetes: elevated glucose increases sodium reabsorption and hyperfiltration causing chronic damage.

    Week 8 Blood

    • Fall and Fracture Risk: muscle weakness, neuropathy, reduced calcium/vitamin D levels.
    • Edema: Impaired fluid regulation.
    • Anemia: reduced erythropoietin production lowers red blood cell count.

    Hematopoiesis and Erythropoiesis

    • Hematopoiesis: production of all blood cells.
    • Erythropoiesis: specific production of red blood cells (RBCs).
    • Main components: RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
    • Regulation: EPO from kidneys, and various cytokines.

    Blood Cell Lineages

    • Cell types derived from lymphoid progenitors: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, plasma cells, natural killer cells.
    • Cell types derived from myeloid progenitors: erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes (macrophages).

    Blood Cell Composition

    • Plasma: mostly water.
    • Cellular components: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
    • Hematocrit: percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.

    Iron Metabolism

    • Iron forms (heme iron, non-heme iron)
    • Absorption: through enterocytes directly or by transferring into erythrocytes
    • Storage: ferritin and hemosiderin in the liver.
    • Metabolism and transport: regulation by hepcidin and transferrin.

    Bilirubin Metabolism

    • Breakdown of hemoglobin releases heme and globin.
    • Breakdown of heme produces bilirubin.
    • Bilirubin is processed in the liver and then excreted in bile.
    • Excretion of bilirubin in feces gives it brown color.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the mechanisms and types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate and delayed responses. It also covers the structure and components of connective tissue, specifically focusing on bone. Test your knowledge on immunology and bone biology.

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