Hypersensitivity and Connective Tissue-Bone

Satellite cells move to injured muscle tissue, transforming into contractile muscle cells, facilitating muscle healing.

Cytokines enhance satellite cell survival, prevent muscle fiber formation, promote cell division and fusion into muscle fibres, and improve blood vessel growth.

An immediate, non-specific immune response that eliminates pathogens quickly.

A specific immune response, developing a memory to fight off future attacks.

A molecule that triggers an immune response (antibody or T-cell binding).

An antigen that actually causes an immune response.

Protein produced by B-lymphocytes that targets and neutralizes antigens.

Immune response involving a collection of immune cells, like macrophages and lymphocytes.

Leakage of fluid into a body cavity.

Attraction of cells to a particular location by chemical signals.

The fluid found in the spaces between cells, containing water and dissolved electrolytes.

Water and electrolytes filter from blood vessels into the interstitial space and then are reabsorbed back into the blood vessels.

Four forces that determine the movement of fluid between blood vessels and interstitial space: capillary hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.

Fluid buildup in the interstitial space that causes indentations when pressed.

Arteries have thicker walls and less distensibility than veins. This means arterial pressure changes more dramatically with changes in blood volume, while venous pressure changes less due to the veins' ability to expand.

Anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, resulting in large, fragile red blood cells (RBCs).

Anemia caused by chronic inflammation, affecting iron metabolism and reducing hemoglobin synthesis.

Anemia caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs).

Anemia caused by excessive blood loss, either acute or chronic.

Anemia caused by an increase in plasma volume relative to red blood cells (RBCs), often during pregnancy.

Yellow discoloration of skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood.

Jaundice caused by excessive red blood cell (RBC) destruction, leading to increased unconjugated bilirubin.

Jaundice caused by impaired liver function, preventing proper bilirubin conjugation.

The ability of the aorta to stretch and expand, allowing it to store energy during systole and release it during diastole, ensuring continuous blood flow.

The difference between systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, reflecting the pressure wave generated by the heart's contractions.

A large pulse pressure, indicating a significant difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

A weak pulse with a low pulse pressure, typically due to a low systolic pressure.

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat, influenced by cardiac contractility and afterload.

Sympathetic activation causes vasoconstriction (reduced vessel distensibility), increasing systolic pressure and thus increasing pulse pressure.

The pressure within the right atrium, influenced by venous blood pressure and right atrial pressure.

During exercise, more time is spent in systole, reducing the time available for diastole and emptying the right atrium into the right ventricle.

Signs indicating a potential Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) requiring immediate medical attention. Includes sudden leg or arm swelling, skin discoloration, redness, blue tinge, and swelling extending to the foot, ankle, or thigh.

Diagnosing DVT can be challenging in darker skin tones as redness might not be as apparent. Focus on asymmetry in leg size, warmth, and swelling.

The presence of varicose veins doesn't rule out DVT. While they suggest venous insufficiency, a deep vein thrombosis can still be present.

Cellulitis, a skin infection, can co-occur with DVT, making diagnosis tricky. Cellulitis redness spreads in a distinct pattern.

Any suspicion of DVT requires immediate referral to the Emergency Room. Delaying can lead to potentially fatal complications like pulmonary embolism.

Common factors increasing the risk of DVT include prolonged immobility, pregnancy/postpartum period, hormonal therapies, and inflammatory conditions.

While rare, DVT can occur after procedures or vaccinations (like COVID-19). Vigilance is crucial.

Endurance athletes are prone to DVT due to muscle damage, inflammation, dehydration, and blood thickening during prolonged activity.

A protective mechanism that expels irritants or foreign objects from the respiratory tract. It involves a sequence of events triggered by irritation in the larynx, trachea, or carina, leading to forceful expulsion of air.

Similar to the cough reflex, but initiated by irritation in the nasal pathways. It involves rapid inspiration and forceful expulsion of air, with the uvula depressed to allow airflow through the nose.

The opposition to airflow in the respiratory tract. It is influenced by the diameter of the airways, with larger diameters resulting in lower resistance.

Narrowing of the bronchioles, primarily due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the airway walls. This is triggered by parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

Expansion of the bronchioles, primarily due to relaxation of smooth muscle in the airway walls. This is triggered by sympathetic nerve stimulation.

The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases. It is calculated by multiplying the atmospheric pressure by the percentage of the gas in the air.

The fraction of inspired oxygen, representing the percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe. It is typically 21% in normal atmospheric air, but can be adjusted with supplemental oxygen.

Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen, which is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. Typically around 100-105 mmHg at sea level.

Systemic arterial partial pressure of oxygen, which is the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. Usually around 100 mmHg at sea level.

Systemic venous partial pressure of oxygen, which is the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood. Typically around 40 mmHg at rest, decreasing during exercise due to increased oxygen extraction by tissues.