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What is the consequence of a deficiency in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I?
What is the consequence of a deficiency in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I?
What is the primary defective component in familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa)?
What is the primary defective component in familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa)?
Which lipid is primarily increased in patients with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia?
Which lipid is primarily increased in patients with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia?
Which therapeutic target is commonly employed to treat dyslipidemia?
Which therapeutic target is commonly employed to treat dyslipidemia?
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What common condition is associated with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis?
What common condition is associated with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis?
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What genetic defect is associated with Tangier disease?
What genetic defect is associated with Tangier disease?
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What is a primary effect of abetalipoproteinemia on lipoproteins?
What is a primary effect of abetalipoproteinemia on lipoproteins?
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Which lipoprotein is primarily affected by accelerated catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II?
Which lipoprotein is primarily affected by accelerated catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II?
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What is the consequence of defective lysosomal acid lipases in Wolman disease?
What is the consequence of defective lysosomal acid lipases in Wolman disease?
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What role does LCAT play in HDL metabolism?
What role does LCAT play in HDL metabolism?
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Which of the following lipoproteins is synthesized mainly in the liver and intestine?
Which of the following lipoproteins is synthesized mainly in the liver and intestine?
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What is a potential outcome of LCAT deficiency?
What is a potential outcome of LCAT deficiency?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of ApoA-I?
Which of the following is NOT a function of ApoA-I?
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What is the consequence of PCSK9 inhibition on LDL levels?
What is the consequence of PCSK9 inhibition on LDL levels?
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Which lipoprotein is rich in cholesterol?
Which lipoprotein is rich in cholesterol?
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What role does the ApoB100 play in cholesterol metabolism?
What role does the ApoB100 play in cholesterol metabolism?
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What is a characteristic feature of familial hypertriacylglycerolemia (Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia)?
What is a characteristic feature of familial hypertriacylglycerolemia (Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia)?
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What occurs as a result of defective ApoE in familial Type III hyperlipoproteinemia?
What occurs as a result of defective ApoE in familial Type III hyperlipoproteinemia?
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What is the effect of Tangier disease on HDL levels?
What is the effect of Tangier disease on HDL levels?
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What happens to LDL receptor levels with the use of PCSK9 inhibitors?
What happens to LDL receptor levels with the use of PCSK9 inhibitors?
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What is characterized by accelerated catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II?
What is characterized by accelerated catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II?
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What is the primary consequence of inadequate energy or amino acids in the liver concerning VLDL synthesis?
What is the primary consequence of inadequate energy or amino acids in the liver concerning VLDL synthesis?
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Which of the following interventions can help in controlling serum cholesterol levels?
Which of the following interventions can help in controlling serum cholesterol levels?
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What role do raised levels of HDL play in cardiovascular health?
What role do raised levels of HDL play in cardiovascular health?
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Which drug is known to inhibit cholesterol absorption from the diet?
Which drug is known to inhibit cholesterol absorption from the diet?
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What is associated with the development of atherosclerosis?
What is associated with the development of atherosclerosis?
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Which type of medication is associated with increasing HDL levels?
Which type of medication is associated with increasing HDL levels?
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The metabolic syndrome includes conditions that increase the risk for which diseases?
The metabolic syndrome includes conditions that increase the risk for which diseases?
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What is a key function of PCSK9 inhibitors in cholesterol management?
What is a key function of PCSK9 inhibitors in cholesterol management?
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Study Notes
Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood.
- Familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is characterized by high levels of chylomicrons and VLDL, and low levels of LDL and HDL.
- Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of LDL and cholesterol.
- Familial hypertriacylglycerolemia is characterized by high levels of VLDL and TG.
- In familial hypercholesterolemia, defects in LDL receptor, ApoB100, and PCSK9 lead to high levels of LDL.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is normally taken up by liver or peripheral tissues via ApoB100 binding to LDL receptor, which is regulated by PCSK9.
- PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors, such as Alirocumab and Evolocumab, are human monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the degradation of LDLR in hepatocytes and thus enhance the uptake and clearance of circulating LDL particles.
- Familial Type III hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by high levels of chylomicrons and VLDL, and is often associated with ApoE deficiency.
Hypolipoproteinemia
- Hypolipoproteinemia is characterized by low levels of lipids in the blood.
- Tangier disease is characterized by low levels of HDL, and is caused by defects in ABCA1, the transporter that supports cholesterol pickup by nascent HDLs.
- Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by low levels of chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, and LDL, and is caused by mutations in the MTTP (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) gene.
- Hypoalphalipoproteinemia is characterized by low levels of HDL, and is caused by accelerated catabolism of ApoA-I and ApoA-II.
Other Conditions
- Wolman disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in lysosomal acid lipases.
- LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) deficiency is characterized by low HDL levels and tissue accumulation of cholesterol, often resulting in anemia, corneal opacification, and renal failure.
- Fatty liver is a condition where excess TG accumulates in the liver.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries.
- The intima is the innermost layer of the arterial wall.
- Atherosclerotic plaques develop over time, and can lead to narrowing of the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Treatment
- Lifestyle/diet modifications can help lower serum cholesterol levels.
- Statins, which inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, are commonly used to lower serum cholesterol levels.
- PCSK9 inhibitors are used to slow LDL receptor degradation and lower LDL levels.
- Bile acid sequestrants, such as Colestipol and Cholestyramine, increase bile acid loss in feces.
- Nicotinic acid (niacin) is a vitamin B3, which reduces Lp(a) as well as LDL-cholesterol and TAGs, and raises HDL levels.
- Fibrates, such as Gemfibrizol and Clofibrate, inhibit the hepatic release of lipoproteins (particularly VLDL), potentiate the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and increase HDL.
- Ezetimibe (Zetia) inhibits dietary absorption of cholesterol.
Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus.
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of hyperlipoproteinemia, including familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and familial hypercholesterolemia. Understand the mechanisms behind lipid levels in the blood and the role of PCSK9 in LDL regulation. Test your knowledge on this important aspect of lipid metabolism.
