Hyperaldosteronism and Related Endocrine Disorders

A patient presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Lab results show increased aldosterone and decreased renin. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause, considering the diagnostic criteria?

In a patient diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism due to adrenocortical hyperplasia, which of the following treatment strategies is the MOST appropriate?

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A 45-year-old female is diagnosed with Conn syndrome. Which of the following pathological features is MOST likely to be observed during adrenal gland examination?

A patient with a known history of congestive heart failure presents with worsening edema and hypertension. Which mechanism BEST explains how congestive heart failure could lead to secondary hyperaldosteronism?

What is the most common functional adenoma found in the anterior pituitary?

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) leads to which of the following electrolyte imbalances?

Diabetes insipidus results from decreased secretion of ADH, causing which primary symptom?

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for the production of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

Administration of exogenous glucocorticoids would cause what change to the adrenal cortex?

A patient presents with hypertension, truncal obesity, and cutaneous striae. These clinical features are most indicative of which condition?

The retention of sodium, loss of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure is most associated with:

Ectopic ACTH secretion by neoplasms is a paraneoplastic cause of Cushing syndrome. Which type of cancer is commonly associated with this?

The use of which medication is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?

In Cushing syndrome, hypercortisolism can lead to decreased muscle mass due to the atrophy of fast-twitch myofibers. What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids cause this atrophy?

In adrenogenital syndromes caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the absence of mineralocorticoid synthesis leads directly to which of the following life-threatening electrolyte imbalances?

What is the underlying mechanism by which congenital adrenal hyperplasia leads to virilization?

Which of the following clinical scenarios would LEAST likely precipitate an acute adrenal crisis in a patient with chronic adrenocortical insufficiency?

In the context of primary acute adrenocortical insufficiency triggered by massive adrenal hemorrhage, which of the following predisposing factors is LEAST likely to be implicated?

How do androgen-secreting adrenocortical neoplasms typically differ in their malignant potential?

In Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, which of the following is the MOST critical pathophysiological consequence leading to the syndrome's rapid progression?

A patient presents with rapidly progressive hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and purpura. Given the context of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, which infectious agent is MOST likely implicated?

In Addison's disease, what percentage of the adrenal cortex must be destroyed before clinical manifestations typically become apparent?

What is the MOST common cause of Addison's disease?

A patient with Addison's disease also presents with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia and type I diabetes mellitus. This constellation of conditions is MOST indicative of which underlying process?

Which of the following genetic factors is MOST strongly associated with an increased susceptibility to autoimmune adrenalitis?

Hyperpigmentation is a common clinical manifestation of Addison's disease. What is the MOST direct mechanism by which this hyperpigmentation occurs?

A patient presents with adrenocortical insufficiency due to metastatic carcinoma in the hypothalamus. Which hormone levels would be affected?

A patient presents with symptoms of increased cortisol levels due to a pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH. Which feedback mechanism is most likely impaired, leading to this hyperfunctional state?

A researcher is studying the differentiation of anterior pituitary cells. Which of the following developmental origins is critical for the formation of the adenohypophysis and its hormone-secreting cells?

A patient is diagnosed with panhypopituitarism following a traumatic brain injury. Which of the following hormonal deficiencies would pose the most immediate and life-threatening risk if left untreated?

A pathologist examines a pituitary tumor and observes that the cells stain intensely with antibodies against prolactin. However, the patient presents with symptoms of hypogonadism rather than hyperprolactinemia. What is the most likely explanation for this discrepancy?

During an autopsy, the pathologist notes the absence of the pituitary gland and infundibulum. Which of the following developmental processes was most likely disrupted?

A patient with a known history of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis, treated with high-dose glucocorticoids, is found to have bilateral adrenal atrophy. What is the primary mechanism responsible for this atrophy?

A young woman presents with hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularities. Imaging reveals a unilateral adrenal mass. Which of the following hormonal profiles would be most suggestive of an androgen-secreting adrenocortical tumor?

A patient undergoing evaluation for possible primary hyperaldosteronism exhibits hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following pathological findings would be most consistent with an aldosterone-producing adenoma (Conn syndrome)?

A patient with a history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) presents with sustained hypertension, palpitations, and severe headaches. Biochemical testing reveals elevated levels of catecholamines and metanephrines. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient presents with progressive muscle weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation. Laboratory tests reveal low serum sodium, elevated potassium, and low cortisol levels that do not increase after ACTH stimulation. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of hyperadrenalism, but initial investigations reveal low ACTH levels and no hyperpigmentation. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause?

In the context of adrenocortical neoplasms, what is the significance of administering exogenous ACTH to differentiate between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Following an adrenalectomy for a cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenoma, a patient is at risk of developing adrenal insufficiency. What is the underlying mechanism for this potential complication?

An adrenal mass is discovered incidentally during imaging for an unrelated condition. Which of the following characteristics would STRONGLY suggest that the mass is more likely to be an adrenocortical carcinoma rather than an adenoma?

What is the MOST critical distinction between a benign adrenal myelolipoma and other types of adrenal neoplasms in terms of cellular composition?

The adrenal medulla plays a crucial role in the 'fight or flight' response. What specific physiological effect is directly mediated by catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?

A child is diagnosed with neuroblastoma. What is the MOST important factor that differentiates neuroblastoma from phaeochromocytoma?

A 35-year-old patient is diagnosed with phaeochromocytoma. Considering the 'rule of 10s', which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding the potential characteristics of this patient's tumor?

Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland

Hyperpituitarism

Hypopituitarism

Feedback Inhibition

Hyperfunction

Hypofunction

Hormones of Anterior Pituitary

Causes of Hyperpituitarism

Histological Features

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

Diagnosis of Primary Hyperaldosteronism

Causes of Primary Hyperaldosteronism

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

Treatment for Primary Hyperaldosteronism

Pituitary Adenomas

Functional Adenomas

Prolactinoma

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)

Diabetes Insipidus

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Hypercortisolism

Cushing Syndrome Features

Hyperaldosteronism

Adrenal Gland Morphology in Hypercortisolism

Adrenal Cortex Compounds

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Acute Adrenal Crisis

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Clinical course of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Adrenal cortical insufficiency

Causes of Addison's disease

Symptoms of Addison's disease

Primary vs. Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

HLA-B8 and DR-3 significance

Signs of acute adrenal crisis

Adrenocortical Neoplasms

Primary adrenal insufficiency response

Adrenocortical Adenomas

Histological Feature - Zellballen

Phaeochromocytoma

Rule of 10s

Adrenal Medulla Functions

Adrenal Myelolipoma