Hydrophobic Hormone Signaling and Receptors

<p>The hormone-receptor complex would fail to bind to hormone response elements (HREs) on DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone classification by receptor basis considers mechanisms like G-protein-coupled receptors and second messengers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The circulating levels of non-specific hormone-binding proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-protein-coupled receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased intestinal tract activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's blood type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slower and more sustained, due to direct effects on gene transcription. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroxine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capacity to readily diffuse across the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility influences whether the hormone binds to a cell-surface or intracellular receptor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hormone is likely hydrophobic and requires a carrier for transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of a second messenger cascade to amplify the signal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating intracellular signaling cascades via G protein-coupled receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will be unable to respond to the hormone, regardless of hormone concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would decrease the half-life of lipophilic hormones in the circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water-soluble hormones typically involve a second messenger system to amplify the signal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A low hormone concentration can initiate thousands of signaling events due to signal amplification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To deactivate cAMP, terminating the hormonal signal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PLC cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3; DAG activates protein kinases, IP3 triggers calcium release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By directly influencing enzymatic activities and binding to calmodulin to modulate protein kinases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ANP binds to a receptor guanylyl cyclase, increasing cGMP levels and promoting vasodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PKA promotes glycogen breakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis through phosphorylation of key enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cGMP signaling is GPCR-independent, while cAMP signaling typically involves GPCRs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell would exhibit a reduced and shortened response to the hormonal stimulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ANP promotes increased renal sodium excretion, leading to a reduction in extracellular fluid volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of specific binding sites for Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS-1). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell integrates the signals from all hormones, resulting in a coordinated and potentially synergistic or antagonistic overall response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced sensitivity or quantity of insulin receptors, resulting in impaired downstream signaling and elevated blood glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autoantibodies bind and activate the TSH receptor, mimicking the effect of TSH and causing increased thyroid hormone production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To capture the target hormone/antigen present in the patient sample. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a monoclonal antibody for capture and a different monoclonal antibody, recognizing a distinct epitope of the target protein, for detection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ELISA’s documented sensitivity and specificity for detecting HIV antibodies in diverse patient populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At concentrations within the linear range of the standard curve, between the upper and lower limits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative ELISAs compare the sample to a blank well for a simple 'yes' or 'no' result, while quantitative ELISAs use a standard curve to determine antigen concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chromogenic signal is lower because the primary antibody is mostly bound to the patient's antigen, leaving less available to bind to the antigen-coated well. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because a higher concentration of antigen in the sample binds to more of the primary antibody, reducing the amount of free antibody available to bind the antigen on the well, thus reducing the color signal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high O.D. indicates a low concentration of the target antigen, as more free antibody is available to bind to the coated wells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilute the patient samples and repeat the ELISA to obtain readings within the standard curve range. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient A has a higher hormone concentration than Patient B. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the target antigen is small and has limited binding sites, making direct detection difficult. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physiological reaction to perceived threat that prepares the body for rapid action.

Factors influencing hormones include synthesis rate, proximity to target cells, and conversion rates.

The amount of receptors on a cell influences how it responds to hormones.

Hormones derived from cholesterol that are hydrophobic and travel via transport proteins in blood.

Short chains of amino acids, examples include insulin and oxytocin.

Hormones derived from modifications of amino acids, like adrenaline and thyroxine.

Water-soluble hormones that are easily transported in the bloodstream.

Hormones can be classified as hydrophilic or lipophilic based on their water solubility.

The initial hormone that carries a signal to a receptor.

Molecules that relay signals inside cells after receptor activation.

The process by which hormones convey messages inside the cell.

The movement of activated receptors to the nucleus.

Specific DNA segments that activated receptors bind to trigger gene expression.

Hormones that can easily pass through cell membranes to reach intracellular receptors.

Hormones that cannot diffuse through lipid bilayer and bind to extracellular receptors.

Proteins that receive signals from hormones to initiate a response.

Proteins that bind to hydrophobic hormones to transport them in the blood.

Grouping hormones based on their solubility properties and how they bind.

A series of events triggered by hormone-receptor interaction, often using second messengers.

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein, often regulating its activity.

A second messenger that transmits hormone signals inside cells.

Cell surface receptors that respond to external signals and activate intracellular pathways.

Enzymes that deactivate cAMP and other second messengers, turning off signals.

A second messenger that helps release calcium ions from storage within the cell.

A calcium-binding protein that modulates the activity of various proteins upon binding to calcium.

An enzyme that converts GTP to cGMP, functioning independently of GPCR.

A hormone released when blood pressure rises, activating guanylyl cyclase to increase cGMP.

A test that measures antigen concentrations using antibodies.

A graph used in ELISA to determine unknown antigen concentrations by comparing them to known standards.

A type of ELISA where the sample competes with antigen-coated wells for antibody binding.

A measure of absorbance in an ELISA, indicating the signal strength based on antigen concentration.

ELISA providing numerical data about antigen concentration via a standard curve.

ELISA giving a yes/no answer about antigen presence rather than precise amounts.

Color change produced in an ELISA due to enzyme-substrate reaction, indicating antigen levels.

The lowest concentration of antigen that can be reliably detected in an assay.

A tetramer receptor that is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in glucose regulation.

When ligand binding causes receptors to phosphorylate themselves at tyrosine residues.

A condition characterized by reduced sensitivity of insulin receptors leading to high blood glucose.

An autoimmune disease where antibodies bind to TSH receptor, causing excessive thyroid hormone production.

A type of ELISA where an antigen is captured between two antibodies for detection.