Questions and Answers
Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule by adding a molecule of ________.
water
What type of carbohydrates cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Which of these carbohydrates is classified as a polyhydroxyaldehyde?
How many chiral carbons are present in glyceraldehyde?
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Fructose and glucose have the same molecular formula.
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What is the main function of carbohydrates linked to proteins?
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Match the following monosaccharides to their classification:
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What are the two nonsuperimposable mirror images of the same molecule called?
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Study Notes
Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates
- Hydrolysis breaks bonds in molecules by adding water, using acids, bases, or enzymes.
- Disaccharides yield two monosaccharides as products.
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on functional groups and the number of carbon atoms.
- Main types include:
- Aldose: Contains an aldehyde group.
- Ketose: Contains a ketone group.
- Variants based on carbon count:
- Triose: 3 carbons (e.g., aldotriose).
- Pentose: 5 carbons (e.g., aldopentose).
- Hexose: 6 carbons (e.g., ketohexose).
Key Monosaccharides
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Glyceraldehyde:
- Structure: H-C-OH, C=O, CH2OH.
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Fructose:
- Structure includes multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups and a ketone.
- Recognized as a polyhydroxyketone.
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Ribose:
- Structure indicates a polyhydroxyaldehyde.
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Glucose:
- Likewise a polyhydroxyaldehyde with multiple hydroxyl groups.
Stereochemistry
- Chiral Carbon: A carbon bonded to four different atoms or groups.
-
Mirror Image Isomers:
- Chiral carbon results in enantiomers, non-superimposable mirror images.
- Examples include D-glyceraldehyde (hydroxyl group on the right) and L-glyceraldehyde (hydroxyl group on the left).
Isomers
- Structural Isomers: Compounds sharing the same molecular formula, yet having different structures.
- Both fructose and glucose share the formula C6H12O6 but differ in structural arrangement.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide energy through oxidation.
- Serve as stored chemical energy.
- Supply carbon atoms for synthesizing other organic compounds.
- Integral to the structural formation of DNA and RNA.
- Participate in cell recognition processes when linked to proteins and lipids in cell membranes, forming glycolipids and glycoproteins.
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Description
Explore the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and the classification of monosaccharides in this quiz. Learn about the different types of monosaccharides based on functional groups and carbon counts, including aldoses and ketoses. Test your knowledge on key monosaccharides and their structures.
