Hydraulics Module 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for the coefficient of compressibility (beta) in terms of the Bulk Modulus?

  • $ \beta = \frac{Bulk Modulus}{1} $
  • $\beta = \frac{1}{Bulk Modulus}$ (correct)
  • $ \beta = Bulk Modulus $
  • $ \beta = 1 + Bulk Modulus $

What is the formula for the velocity of sound (V) in terms of Bulk Modulus (E) and density ((\rho))?

  • $V = \sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho}}$ (correct)
  • $V = \sqrt{\frac{\rho}{E}}$
  • $V = \frac{\rho}{E}$
  • $V = \frac{E}{\rho}$

Which of the following is NOT a correct formula for calculating the specific gravity (S) of a substance?

  • $S=\frac{\gamma_{liquid}}{\gamma_{water}}$
  • $S=\frac{\rho_{liquid}}{\rho_{water}}$ (correct)
  • $S=\frac{\gamma_{liquid} \rho_{liquid} }{\gamma_{water} \rho_{water}}$
  • $S=\frac{\gamma_{gas} \rho_{gas}}{\gamma_{air} \rho_{air}}$

What is the relationship between shear stress ((\tau)), dynamic viscosity ((\mu)), and velocity gradient ((\frac{du}{dy}))?

<p>$\tau = \mu \frac{du}{dy}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Bulk Modulus of a fluid?

<p>The resistance of a fluid to compression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the velocity of sound in a fluid?

<p>Viscosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct expression for the specific gravity of a gas (𝑆) in relation to density and specific gravity?

<p>$S = \frac{\gamma_{gas}}{\gamma_{air}} \times \frac{\rho_{gas}}{\rho_{air}}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Fluid Mechanics?

<p>The behavior of fluids that are either at rest or in motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of fluid mechanics specifically handles the application of fluids in engineering?

<p>Hydraulics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mass density of a fluid denote?

<p>The mass of fluid contained in a unit volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly represents mass density?

<p>$ ho = \frac{M}{V}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does specific weight refer to in fluid mechanics?

<p>The weight of the fluid per unit volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fluids is primarily associated with hydraulics in engineering?

<p>Liquids such as water and oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is specific weight mathematically described?

<p>$W = \rho g$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a fluid in the context of fluid mechanics?

<p>Substances that can flow and change shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force acts on a body at rest in a fluid, countering its weight?

<p>Buoyant force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Archimedes' Principle, the buoyant force on a submerged body is equal to what?

<p>The weight of the fluid displaced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a body is completely submerged, how does the volume of displaced fluid relate to the volume of the body?

<p>It is equal to the volume of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To solve buoyancy problems, which condition must be applied?

<p>Conditions of static equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables does NOT directly influence the buoyant force acting on a submerged body?

<p>Depth of the object in the fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which course is a prerequisite for the Hydraulics course as listed?

<p>Dynamics of Rigid Bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total course unit value for the Hydraulics course?

<p>4 units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary learning outcome expected from Module 2 of the Hydraulics course?

<p>Compute forces in submerged bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prerequisite course for Hydraulics?

<p>Dynamics of Rigid Bodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of fluids is primarily involved in determining pressure?

<p>Density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome should students achieve upon completing Module 1?

<p>Characterize liquids according to their properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of hydraulics, what distinguishes liquids at rest from liquids in motion?

<p>The pressure of the liquids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the course unit value for Hydraulics?

<p>4 units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a topic discussed in Module 1?

<p>Hydroelectric power generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the instructor for the Hydraulics course?

<p>Jessa Mae A. Gomez (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is encompassed in the lesson learning outcomes for Module 1?

<p>Comparing pressures in moving and static fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of a 45 kg boulder if the acceleration due to gravity is 395 m/s per minute?

<p>176.85 N (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass density of helium at 4°C and 184 KPa gage pressure, considering atmospheric pressure is 101.92 KPa?

<p>0.1785 kg/m³ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit weight of the liquid in a cylindrical tank with a diameter of 80 cm, height of 90 cm, and a total weight of 420 kg?

<p>4.2 kN/m³ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure below a point in the ocean where the pressure is 60 KPa at a depth of 27 meters?

<p>79.5 KPa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find the weight in kN of a reservoir of glycerin with a mass of 1200 kg.

<p>11.76 kN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the density of glycerin with a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu.m.

<p>1260 kg/m³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of the liquid in a cylindrical tank with a height of 90 cm and diameter of 80 cm?

<p>0.452 m³ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'R' value represent for helium when calculating its density?

<p>Gas constant for helium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations correctly represents Boyle's Law?

<p>$p_1V_1 = p_2V_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating kinematic viscosity?

<p>$\frac{\mu}{\rho}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the variable 'p' represent in the Ideal Gas Law equation, $pV = mRT$?

<p>Pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, at constant pressure?

<p>Charles' Law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Pascal's Law, what is true about the intensity of pressure acting at a point in a fluid?

<p>It is the same in all directions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and atmospheric pressure?

<p>Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is typically used to measure viscosity?

<p>Pascal-seconds (Pa·s) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law combines Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law to describe the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas?

<p>Combined Gas Law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Liquid Properties

Characteristics of liquids that affect pressure, forces, and flow.

Pressure in Fluids

The force exerted by a fluid per unit area on a surface.

Hydrostatics

The branch of physics that studies fluids at rest.

Liquids at Rest

A state where fluids are not in motion and maintain a constant pressure.

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Liquids in Motion

A state where fluids are actively flowing and exhibit different pressure characteristics.

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Head Pressure

Pressure exerted by the height of a fluid column above a point.

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Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

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Bernoulli's Principle

An explanation of how the pressure of a fluid decreases as its speed increases.

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Fluid Mechanics

The branch of physics that studies liquids and gases in motion and at rest.

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Hydraulics

The application of fluid mechanics in engineering with liquids, mainly water and oil.

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Mass Density

The mass of a fluid per unit volume, expressed as 𝜌 = M/V.

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Specific Weight

The weight of a fluid per unit volume; usually used in fluid calculations.

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Types of Fluids

Classification of fluids based on properties like viscosity, density, and compressibility.

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Pascal's Principle

States that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions.

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Kinematic Viscosity

The ratio of a fluid's dynamic viscosity to its mass density.

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Ideal Gas Law

An equation relating pressure, volume, mass, and temperature of an ideal gas: pV = mRT.

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Boyle’s Law

At constant temperature, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related: p1V1 = p2V2.

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Charles’ Law

At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature: V1/T1 = V2/T2.

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Gay-Lussac’s Law

At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature: p1/T1 = p2/T2.

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Combined Gas Law

Relates pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas: p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2.

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Pressure

The force acting normal to a given area: p = F/A.

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Pascal’s Law

The pressure intensity is the same at all points in a fluid at rest.

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Buoyant Force

The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object, equal to the weight of displaced fluid.

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Archimedes' Principle

A principle stating that a body submerged in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

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Static Equilibrium

A condition where all forces acting on a body are balanced, resulting in no movement.

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Submerged Body

An object that is completely covered by a fluid.

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Volume of Displaced Fluid

The amount of fluid that is moved out of the way by a submerged object.

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Fluid Properties

Characteristics of fluids, such as density, viscosity, and pressure, that affect their behavior in hydraulics.

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Buoyancy Problems

Problems involving floating or submerged bodies and the forces acting on them due to fluid pressure.

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Weight of a Boulder

Weight is the force due to gravity acting on an object's mass. For a 45 kg boulder at 395 m/s², weight = mass × gravity = 45 kg × (395 m/s²).

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Mass Density of Helium

Mass density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Helium density can be found using R and the ideal gas law with temperature and pressure.

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Unit Weight

Unit weight is the weight of a substance per unit volume, often expressed in KN/m³.

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Pressure Calculation at Depth

To find pressure below a reference point in a fluid, add the pressure at the reference point to the pressure contributed by the fluid column above it.

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Glycerin Mass and Volume

The mass and volume of glycerin can be used to find its weight and density. Given mass is 1200 kg, and volume is 0.952 m³.

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Weight of Glycerin

Weight of glycerin can be calculated as weight = mass × gravity. For 1200 kg, use g = 9.81 m/s² to find its weight.

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Density of a Substance

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, it helps to determine how heavy a material is for a given size.

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Specific Gravity (S)

Ratio of the density of a liquid or solid to the density of water.

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Specific Gravity for Gases

Ratio of the density of a gas to the density of air.

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Bulk Modulus (E)

Measure of a substance's resistance to uniform compression.

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Coefficient of Compressibility (β)

Fractional change in volume per unit change in pressure, at constant temperature.

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Velocity of Sound (V)

Speed of sound in a material, determined by modulus and density.

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Dynamic Viscosity (μ)

Measure of internal resistance of a fluid to flow.

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Shear Stress (τ)

Force per unit area caused by fluid motion, related to viscosity.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Hydraulics
  • Course Code: HYBP324
  • Course Unit: 4 units
  • Prerequisites: Dynamics of Rigid Bodies, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
  • Course Outcome: Discuss different liquid properties related to pressure, forces, and flow.
  • Module 1: Introduction to Hydraulics & Principles of Hydrostatics
  • Lesson Learning Outcomes: Characterize liquids by properties, compare liquids at rest and in motion regarding pressure.
  • Lessons Covered: Fluid Mechanics; Branches of Fluid Mechanics (Hydrostatics, Fluid Kinematics, Hydrodynamics/Fluid Dynamics)
  • Fluid Mechanics: Studies fluid behavior, either at rest or in motion.
  • Hydrostatics: Examines forces on fluids at rest.
  • Fluid Kinematics: Deals with fluids in motion.
  • Hydrodynamics/Fluid Dynamics: Deals with liquid or low-velocity gas flows.
  • Topics: Fluid properties, principles of hydrostatics, intensity of pressure, Pascal's Law, Types of Fluids (Ideal fluids, Real fluids), Density, Specific weight, Specific weight of air/gasses, Pressure, Kinematic Viscosity, Mass Density, Specific Volume, Specific gravity
  • Week/Inclusive Dates: January 13 – 24, 2025
  • Modality: Face-to-face meetings
  • Module 2: Archimedes' Principle
  • Lessons covered: Archimedes' Principle (buoyant force = weight of the displaced fluid)
  • Problem Solving: Various problems related to buoyancy (mass, weight, volume, specific gravity, etc.) are covered in the study notes.

Fluid Properties

  • Mass Density: Mass of fluid per unit volume (kg/m³).
  • Specific Weight (Unit Weight): Weight of fluid per unit volume (N/m³ or lb/ft³).
  • Specific Weight of Air/Gases: Similar calculation but using gas-specific properties (different equations involved)
  • Pressure: Force acting against a unit area in the fluid.
  • Specific Volume: Volume occupied by 1 unit mass of fluid (m³/kg).
  • Specific Gravity: Ratio of a substance's density/specific weight to a standard substance (water).

Fluid Types

  • Ideal Fluids: Have no viscosity, uniform velocity, and no internal friction; theoretically easier to model but don't perfectly represent real-world fluids.
  • Real Fluids: Exhibit viscosity, non-uniform velocity, experience friction and turbulence; more realistic representation of liquids in the real world.
  • Gage Pressure: A relative pressure taken in comparison to atmospheric pressure.
  • Absolute Pressure: Pressure measured above absolute zero.
  • Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure at sea level under normal conditions (standard atmospheric pressure).
  • Pascal’s Law: Pressure at a particular point in a fluid will be the same in all directions in a static fluid.
  • Pressure Variation with Depth: Pressure increases with depth in a fluid (a linear relationship)
  • Pressure Head: Height of a fluid column required to create a specific pressure; used for pressure measurement
  • Barometer: Device for measuring atmospheric pressure.
  • Manometer: Tube used to measure pressure differences or gage pressures (open and differential types)

Gas Laws

  • Ideal Gas Law: pV = mRT
  • Boyle's Law: Constant Temperature, pressure and volume inversely proportional
  • Charle's Law: Constant Pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature
  • Gay-Lussac's Law: Constant Volume, pressure is directly proportional to temperature
  • Combined Gas Law: A combination of Boyle’s, Charle’s and Gay-Lussac’s law covering multiple changes in Pressure, Temperature and Volume

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