Hydraulics and Water Flow Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Which organization published the 'Soil and Water Terminology' guidelines in 2007?

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

International Irrigation Management Institute

American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) (correct)

Department of Agriculture

What is the main focus of the FAO Agricultural Development Paper 95?

Surface Irrigation Techniques (correct)

Irrigation Management

Soil Erosion Prevention

Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation

Which publication addresses the evaluation of irrigation furrows?

Open Channel Hydraulics

Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements

Irrigation Water Management Training Manual No. 5

ASAE EP419.1 (correct)

Which document provides guidelines on the safe reuse of wastewater for irrigation?

Department of Agriculture Administrative Order No. 26 Signup and view all the answers

What type of irrigation does the Gintong Ani Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Project focus on?

Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the pan coefficient used to measure?

Ratio between reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a reservoir?

Part of the system that impounds runoff Signup and view all the answers

What does residual moisture content refer to?

Moisture left in the soil before irrigation delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes seepage?

Water escaping from conveyance facilities Signup and view all the answers

How is optimal emitter spacing determined in drip irrigation?

As 80% of the wetted diameter from field tests Signup and view all the answers

What is effective in altering the quality of water bodies and land resources?

Pollutants of various forms Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes percolation in soil science?

Vertical flow of water below the root zone Signup and view all the answers

In irrigation terminology, what is a setback distance?

Distance from the irrigation area to sensitive communities Signup and view all the answers

What does sprinkler irrigation imitate?

Natural rainfall Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect the rate of percolation?

Crop type grown on the land Signup and view all the answers

What describes a unconfined aquifer?

An aquifer where the water table serves as the upper surface of the zone of saturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the uniformity coefficient?

Ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that at 10% passing Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does uniform flow occur?

When the flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a well-protected reservoir?

A reservoir with barriers like mountains that protect it Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes wastewater?

Waste in liquid state containing pollutants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a watershed?

The area which contributes runoff or drains water into a reservoir Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'wetted perimeter' in relation to a canal?

The portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with flowing water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes basin irrigation?

Water floods the entire field Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Open channel flow refers to water flow where the top surface is exposed to the atmosphere, common in canals, ditches, and partially full pipes.
Optimal emitter spacing in drip irrigation is set at 80% of the wetted diameter determined by field tests.
The outside slope is the angle on the downstream face of an embankment, influencing stability and flow dynamics.

Evapotranspiration Measurements

The pan coefficient measures the ratio of reference evapotranspiration to evaporation from an open water surface, crucial for understanding water loss.
Pan evaporation indicates the water loss rate from an open surface, often used in irrigation planning.

Soil and Water Interaction

Percolation refers to the downward movement of water beyond the root zone, influenced by soil attributes like structure and texture.
A permeability test assesses the flow rate through soil under laminar conditions, vital for groundwater studies.

Pollution and Environmental Concerns

Pollutants are substances that alter water quality, hazardous to health, or exceed environmental standards, affecting both land and water bodies.
Waste includes various discarded materials resulting from human activities, often leading to environmental issues.

Water Management and Quality

Potential irrigable areas are identified based on water availability, soil suitability, and land topography.
Reference crop evapotranspiration provides a standardized rate of water loss based on a hypothetical crop's characteristics.

Reservoirs and Water Storage

Reservoirs are structures that impound runoff, crucial for water supply management and flood control.
The storage capacity of a reservoir is defined at normal water surface elevation, while the storage ratio compares capacity against construction volume.

Irrigation Techniques

Sprinkler irrigation mimics natural rainfall using a system of pipes and pumps, distributing water through spray mechanisms.
Surface irrigation systems apply water via gravity, potentially flooding fields or feeding channels to manage water distribution effectively.

Groundwater and Aquifer Basics

An unconfined aquifer has its water table as the upper surface of saturation, affecting groundwater extraction.
Well logs record aquifer characteristics, aiding in resource management and development planning.

Safety and Regulations

Well-protected reservoirs are safeguarded by natural barriers, providing effective water quality protection.
Setback distance refers to the buffer zone from irrigation areas to sensitive areas, minimizing contamination risks.

Flow Dynamics and Geometry

Seepage describes water loss from conveyance structures like ditches or canals, impacting water management.
The slope of the energy grade line represents the water surface profile and velocity head, while the hydraulic grade line tracks free water surface slope.

Miscellaneous Water Concepts

Uniform flow occurs when water parameters remain constant in a channel, essential for predicting flow behavior.
Wastewater, containing pollutants, necessitates treatment before reuse in processes like irrigation and aquaculture.

Water Balancing and Watershed Management

Water balance accounts for inflows and outflows, guiding efficient water resource management.
A watershed is an area that drains into a reservoir, critical for managing inflow and ecological health.

Irrigation and Soil Management

Zoned embankments in dam constructions include a central impervious core surrounded by permeable materials for structural integrity and water management.
The wetted perimeter indicates the portion of a canal in contact with water, influencing flow and irrigation effectiveness.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to open channel flow, optimal emitter spacing, outside slope, and the pan coefficient. Test your understanding of these critical topics in the management and measurement of water flow. Perfect for students in hydraulic engineering or environmental science.