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Questions and Answers
What is the main objective of hybridization in plants?
What is the main objective of hybridization in plants?
Which of the following best describes intervarietal hybridization?
Which of the following best describes intervarietal hybridization?
What step follows the emasculation of parents in the hybridization procedure?
What step follows the emasculation of parents in the hybridization procedure?
Which method is NOT typically used for emasculation?
Which method is NOT typically used for emasculation?
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What is the role of tagging in the hybridization procedure?
What is the role of tagging in the hybridization procedure?
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Which type of hybridization involves crossing plants from different genera?
Which type of hybridization involves crossing plants from different genera?
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Why is selfing of parents performed before hybridization?
Why is selfing of parents performed before hybridization?
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Which of the following statements about hybridization is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about hybridization is incorrect?
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What is the primary purpose of hand emasculation in large flower species?
What is the primary purpose of hand emasculation in large flower species?
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Which method is best suited for small flower species during emasculation?
Which method is best suited for small flower species during emasculation?
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What is the main advantage of using hot water treatment in emasculation?
What is the main advantage of using hot water treatment in emasculation?
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Which statement accurately describes genetic emasculation?
Which statement accurately describes genetic emasculation?
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What temperature range is effective for cold treatment in rice to kill pollen grains?
What temperature range is effective for cold treatment in rice to kill pollen grains?
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Why is bagging performed on flowers in emasculation processes?
Why is bagging performed on flowers in emasculation processes?
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What should be a characteristic of bags used for bagging flowers?
What should be a characteristic of bags used for bagging flowers?
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What is a key feature of the alcohol treatment method for emasculation?
What is a key feature of the alcohol treatment method for emasculation?
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Study Notes
Hybridization
- The mating or crossing of dissimilar genotypes.
- In plants: pollen grains from one genotype (male parent) are placed onto the stigma of flowers from another genotype (female parent)
- Prevents self-pollination and cross-pollination in the female parent.
- Ensures pollen from the desired male parent reaches the female parent's stigma for fertilization.
Objectives of Hybridization
- To create genetic variation.
- To transfer one or more character traits from one variety into another (Combination Breeding).
- To improve yield through transgressive breeding.
Types of Hybridization
- Intervarietal Hybridization: Parents belong to the same species (strains, varieties, or races).
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Distant Hybridization: Parents belong to different species of the same genus or different genera.
- Interspecific Hybridization: Crosses between two species of the same genus.
- Intergeneric Hybridization: Crosses between species of two different genera.
Procedure of Hybridization
- Selection of Parents: Healthy, vigorous, disease-free, and locally available plants are chosen based on desired objectives.
- Selfing of Parents: Parents are self-fertilized for multiple generations to achieve 100% homozygosity.
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Emasculation: Removing the male reproductive parts (stamens) from a bisexual flower to prevent self-pollination.
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Methods of Emasculation:
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Hand Emasculation: Stamens/anthers are removed with forceps/scissors from larger flowers.
- Steps:
- Open mature flower bud with a sterilized needle without damaging the floral parts.
- Carefully remove stamens with sterilized forceps/scissors, ensuring no traces remain within the flower.
- Steps:
- Suction Method: Used for small flowers. Anthers are sucked out of the flower with a thin tube connected to a suction pump. The tube is also passed over the stigma to remove pollen grains.
- Hot Water Treatment: Kills pollen grains without damaging the female reproductive organs. Pollen grains are more sensitive to temperature than the female reproductive organs.
- Alcohol Treatment: Less common. Flower/inflorescence is immersed in alcohol for a brief period and then rinsed with water.
- Cold Treatment: Kills pollen grains without damaging the female reproductive organs. Ex: Rice treated with cold water (0-6°C)
- Genetic Emasculation: Uses genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility to eliminate the need for physical emasculation.
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Hand Emasculation: Stamens/anthers are removed with forceps/scissors from larger flowers.
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Methods of Emasculation:
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Bagging: Prevents contamination with other pollens.
- Both male and female parents are usually bagged.
- In female parents, bagging prevents self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- In male parents, bagging prevents contamination with other pollens.
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Precautions:
- Bag should be transparent.
- Bag size should match the flower's size.
- Tagging: Labeling the bagged flowers to track the pollination process and parental lines.
- Pollination/Crossing: Transferring pollen from the male parent to the stigma of the female parent.
- Harvesting and Storage of Seeds: Collecting the resulting hybrid seeds for further propagation and evaluation.
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Description
This quiz covers the process of hybridization in plants, focusing on the mating of dissimilar genotypes, its objectives, and various types of hybridization. Explore concepts like intervarietal and distant hybridization and their significance in enhancing genetic variation and crop yield.
