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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of hand emasculation?
What is the primary purpose of hand emasculation?
Which method is typically used for emasculation in species with small flowers?
Which method is typically used for emasculation in species with small flowers?
What temperature is considered suitable for cold treatment in rice to kill pollen grains?
What temperature is considered suitable for cold treatment in rice to kill pollen grains?
What is a common characteristic of pollen grains compared to the female reproductive organs?
What is a common characteristic of pollen grains compared to the female reproductive organs?
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What is the main reason for bagging flowers in emasculation processes?
What is the main reason for bagging flowers in emasculation processes?
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Which emasculation method involves immersing flowers in alcohol?
Which emasculation method involves immersing flowers in alcohol?
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What must be ensured about the bags used for bagging flowers?
What must be ensured about the bags used for bagging flowers?
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What role does genetic emasculation play in the emasculation process?
What role does genetic emasculation play in the emasculation process?
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What is the main purpose of emasculation in hybridization?
What is the main purpose of emasculation in hybridization?
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Which step must occur after selecting the parents in the hybridization procedure?
Which step must occur after selecting the parents in the hybridization procedure?
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What differentiates interspecific hybridization from intergeneric hybridization?
What differentiates interspecific hybridization from intergeneric hybridization?
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Which of the following is an objective of hybridization?
Which of the following is an objective of hybridization?
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How is 'bagging' important in the hybridization process?
How is 'bagging' important in the hybridization process?
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Which of the following types of hybridization involves parents from the same species?
Which of the following types of hybridization involves parents from the same species?
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What is essential to prevent when hybridizing a flower to ensure successful fertilization?
What is essential to prevent when hybridizing a flower to ensure successful fertilization?
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During the hybridization process, which method is used to ensure no male pollen contaminates the female flower?
During the hybridization process, which method is used to ensure no male pollen contaminates the female flower?
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Study Notes
Hybridization
- Mating or crossing of dissimilar genotypes.
- In plants, pollen from one genotype (male parent) is placed on the stigma of another genotype (female parent).
- Prevents self-pollination and cross-pollination in the female parent.
Objectives of Hybridization
- Create genetic variation.
- Transfer desirable traits into a single variety from another (combination breeding).
- Improve yield through transgressive breeding.
Types of Hybridization
- Intervarietal - Parents belong to the same species, may be strains, varieties, or races.
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Distant hybridization - Crosses between different species of the same genus or different genera.
- Interspecific hybridization - Crosses between two species of the same genus.
- Intergeneric hybridization - Crosses between species of different genera.
Procedure of Hybridization
- Selection of Parents - Healthy, vigorous, disease-free plants are chosen based on desired objectives.
- Selfing of Parents - Selected parents are self-fertilized for multiple generations to achieve 100% homozygosity.
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Emasculation - Removal of male reproductive parts (stamens) from a bisexual flower to prevent self-pollination.
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Methods of Emasculation:
- Hand emasculation: Stamens are removed with forceps/scissors in flowers with large size.
- Suction method: Anthers are sucked out using a tube attached to a suction pump, especially for small flowers.
- Hot water treatment: Kills pollen grains without damaging the female reproductive organs.
- Alcohol treatment: Immersing flowers in alcohol for a brief period kills pollen grains.
- Cold treatment: Cold water treatment kills pollen grains, used in rice cultivation.
- Genetic emasculation: Cytoplasmic male sterility eliminates the need for emasculation.
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Methods of Emasculation:
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Bagging - Prevents contamination with other pollen grains.
- Female parents - Prevents self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Male parents - Prevents contamination with other pollens.
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Precautions:
- Use transparent bags.
- Bag size should match the flower.
- Pollination/crossing - Pollen from the male parent is transferred to the stigma of the emasculated female parent.
- Harvesting and storage of seeds - Seeds from the cross are collected and stored for future propagation.
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Description
Explore the concepts and objectives of hybridization in plants through this quiz. Understand different types of hybridization, including intervarietal and distant hybridization. Test your knowledge on the procedures and benefits of creating genetic variations in plant breeding.
