Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD)

Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) is primarily caused by what deficiency in preterm infants?

Hyaline Membrane Disease is also known as Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

What is the primary physiological effect of surfactant deficiency in the lungs of preterm infants with HMD?

The formation of ______ membranes is a characteristic feature of Hyaline Membrane Disease.

Which of the following is a major risk factor for Hyaline Membrane Disease?

Infants born at term (40 weeks gestation) are at higher risk for HMD compared to preterm infants.

What specific component of the lung is deficient in infants born with Hyaline Membrane Disease?

NRDS stands for Neonatal ______ Distress Syndrome.

What happens to the alveoli in infants with HMD due to surfactant deficiency?

The primary problem in HMD is an overproduction of surfactant in the lungs.

In HMD, the alveolar collapse leads to what major respiratory issue?

HMD primarily affects ______ infants due to their underdeveloped lungs.

What is the main consequence of alveolar collapse in infants with HMD?

Hyaline membranes are formed due to an excess of surfactant in the alveoli.

What specific gestational age is most commonly associated with higher risk of HMD?

Surfactant reduces the ______ tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse.

In HMD, the formation of hyaline membranes leads to which of the following?

HMD primarily affects the cardiovascular system rather than the respiratory system.

What is the main function of surfactant in the lungs?

Alveolar ______ is a key pathological finding in HMD.

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which surfactant deficiency leads to respiratory distress?

The presence of hyaline membranes in the alveoli directly enhances gas exchange efficiency.

Describe the physiological consequence of reduced lung compliance in infants with HMD.

In addition to prematurity, maternal ______ is a risk factor that can indirectly increase the likelihood of preterm birth and subsequent HMD.

What is the primary component of surfactant responsible for reducing surface tension?

Exogenous surfactant administration is contraindicated in preterm infants with HMD.

Briefly explain how HMD can lead to hypoxemia.

The appearance of ______ during chest X-rays in preterm infants is indicative of alveolar collapse typical of HMD.

Which of the following is a direct consequence of alveolar collapse in HMD?

The primary goal of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in HMD is to decrease functional residual capacity (FRC).

Explain the role of glucocorticoids administered prenatally in the prevention of HMD.

HMD can exacerbate the risk of ______, a condition where a patent ductus arteriosus reroutes blood away from the lungs due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance.

What specific cellular process is impaired by the presence of hyaline membranes in the alveoli?

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is exclusively caused by HMD.

Considering the biophysical properties of surfactant, explain how its absence affects the Law of Laplace in the alveoli.

Due to the inflammatory response in HMD, elevated levels of ______ can be found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of affected infants.

Match the following terms related to Hyaline Membrane Disease with their descriptions:

Which imaging technique is most commonly used to diagnose HMD in preterm infants?

What is the primary mechanism of action of exogenous surfactant in treating HMD?