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Questions and Answers
What percentage of genes do nonidentical dizygotic twins share?
Which relationship shares 25% of genes?
What typically causes abnormal behavior related to neurotransmitters?
Monozygotic twins share what percentage of their genes?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of disordered brain development?
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Which neurotransmitter reuptake issue can contribute to abnormal behavior?
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Which disorder is characterized by inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity?
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How are first cousins related in terms of gene sharing?
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What is one benefit of ECT in older adults?
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Which of the following best describes the Id in Freud's model of personality?
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What factor is NOT considered a flaw of the biological perspective on mental health?
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In which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipus complex occur?
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Which psychoactive drug is primarily used to treat anxiety disorders?
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What is the role of the superego in Freud's personality theory?
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What is NOT an implication of psychodynamic theory regarding abnormal behavior?
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Which developmental stage is characterized by a dormant phase of id impulses?
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What was the primary focus of Joseph Wolpe's treatment for phobias?
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Which edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual was published in 1980?
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What degree do clinical psychologists typically hold?
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Which type of psychological professional is most likely to prescribe medication?
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What is the primary focus of counseling psychologists?
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Which statement correctly defines psychopathology?
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What is a key feature of all forms of therapy?
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What conclusion was drawn regarding the causes of psychological disorders as of 1990?
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What is one of the primary purposes of organizing diseases and disorders in the ICD?
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Which category is NOT listed under Chapter V: Mental and Behavioral Disorders in the ICD?
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What is a key goal of the harmonization between DSM-5 and ICD-11?
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How does the DSM-5 aim to improve upon previous editions in terms of reliability?
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Which option lists a type of mental disorder that is categorized under the influence of psychoactive substances?
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Which aspect is NOT part of the ICD's capabilities regarding health information?
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Which group of disorders is associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors?
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What was one of the motivations behind the revision that led to DSM-5?
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Which of the following disorders fall under Axis II?
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What type of disorders does Axis III account for?
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Which of the following is NOT a psychosocial factor considered under Axis IV?
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Which personality disorder is included in Axis II categories?
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Which of the following childhood disorders is specifically mentioned as part of Axis II disorders?
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Which example does NOT represent a factor that could be listed under Axis IV?
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What category does mental retardation fall under?
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Which disorder is recognized primarily as a mood disorder?
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Study Notes
Humanistic Psychology
- Became popular in the 1950’s based on the work of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Carl Rogers.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-1) was published in 1952.
Behavioral Science
- Joseph Wolpe effectively treats patients with phobias using systematic desensitization, in 1958.
- 1968 - DSM-II is published.
- 1980 - DSM-III Is published.
- 1987 - DSM-III-R is published.
- 1990 - Sophisticated research methods are developed and no one influence - biological or environmental -- is found to cause psychological disorders in isolation from the other.
- 1994 - DSM-IV is published.
- 2000 - DSM-IV-R is published.
- 2010- DSM-5 is published.
DSM-5 Definition
- Psychological disorders are defined as behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
Treatment
- Treatment or therapy is a procedure designed to change.
- All forms of therapy have three essential features.
The Science of Psychopathology
- Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders.
Professionals
- Professionals who study psychopathology are specially trained.
- Clinical and counseling psychologists
- Psychiatrist
- Psychiatric social workers
- Psychiatric nurses
- Marriage and family therapist and mental health counselors
Clinical Psychologists and Counseling
- Clinical Psychologists receive a Ph.D. degree.
- Approximately 5 years of graduate-level study is required for preparing to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, assess, and treat these disorders.
- Counseling psychologists tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals.
- Clinical psychologists usually concentrate on more severe psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
- Psychiatrists earn an M.D. degree in medical school and specialize in psychiatry during residency training.
- They investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders (often from a biological point of view).
- Psychiatrists make diagnoses and offer treatments.
- They emphasize drugs or other biological treatments although most use psychosocial treatments as well.
- Family methods, Twin methods, Adoptees methods, and Linkage analysis are used to study genetics as part of research.
Imbalances of Brain Chemistry in Nerve Signaling
- Neurons signal information by releasing chemical transmitters from the axon terminal.
- Chemical molecules bind to receptors on the membrane of adjacent nerve cells.
- Binding changes the electrical activity of the adjacent cell and can trigger an action potential.
- A reuptake process in the axon membrane takes up excess chemical for reuse.
- Abnormal behavior could result from:
- Too much or too little of a specific neurotransmitter owing to changes in synthesis of the transmitter.
- Too much of a specific neurotransmitter owing to changes in reuptake of the transmitter.
- Too many or too few receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane.
Disordered Development of Brain Structures
- Abnormal brain development or be caused by damage at an early age.
- Depending upon the time when these abnormalities or damage occur (during pregnancy, the perinatal period, or infancy/childhood).
- Some of the disorders included in this classification can be completely resolved by appropriate intervention.
- Others are chronic, but an adequate intervention is nevertheless essential because it is possible to alleviate to a greater or lesser extent, and in some cases possibly eliminate, the negative consequences or symptoms caused by the disorder in question.
Examples of Disordered Development of Brain Structures
- Intellectual disability
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Agitation and aggression in people with dementia
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- ECT may be a good treatment option when medications aren't tolerated or other forms of therapy haven't worked.
- ECT is used in the following cases:
- During pregnancy, when medications can't be taken because they might harm the developing fetus
- In older adults who can't tolerate drug side effects
- In people who prefer ECT treatments over taking medications
- When ECT has been successful in the past
Common Psychoactive Drug Treatments
- Anti-anxiety
- Stimulants
- Antidepressants
- Anti-Manic
- Anti-psychotic
Flaws with Biological
- Factors unrelated to biology may influence thoughts and behaviors.
- Multiple factors may influence thoughts and behaviors.
The Psychoanalytic Paradigm
- Abnormal behavior reflects unconscious conflicts within the person.
- This paradigm is derived from the theories of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.
Freud's 3-Part Model of the Personality
- Id: raw energy that powers the mind.
- Seeks gratification of basic urges for food, water, warmth, affection, sex & aggression; Pleasure principle.
- Unconscious.
- Biological energy → psychic energy = libido.
- Primary process if gratification is fantasy.
- Ego is conscious part of mind that deals with reality; Reality principle; Secondary process.
- Superego is final part of the mind to emerge and is similar to the conscience (morals).
Psychodynamics
- Psychodynamics are the interactions of the id, ego, & superego in an effort to gratify needs.
Freud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
- The id derives pleasure from a distinct part of the body (erogenous zones).
- Oral (Birth to 18 months): infant derives pleasure from eating and biting.
- Anal (18 months to 3 years): the focus of pleasure is the anus.
- Phallic (3 to 6 years): the genitals are the focus of pleasure and is the cause of the Oedipus and Electra complexes, resulting in heterosexual behavior.
- Latent (6 to 12 years): id impulses are dormant.
- ICD defines the universe of diseases, disorders, injuries, and other related health conditions.
- The ICD lists many types of diseases and disorders to include Chapter V: Mental and Behavioral Disorders.
ICD-11 Mental and Behavioral Disorders
- The list of mental disorders is broken down as follows:
- Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders
- Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use
- Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
- Mood (affective) disorders
- Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
- Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors
- Disorders of adult personality and behavior
- Mental retardation
- Disorders of psychological development
- Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
- Unspecified mental disorder
Harmonization of DSM-5 and ICD-11
- The ICD-11 is currently in development with an expected publication date of 2018.
- There is an effort to harmonize the two classification systems
- For a more accurate collection of national health statistics
- To design clinical trials
- To increase the ability to replicate scientific findings across national boundaries
- To rectify the issue of DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnoses not agreeing
DSM-5 Effectiveness
- The framers of DSM-5 followed certain procedures in their development of the new manual to help ensure that DSM-5 would have greater reliability than the previous DSMs.
- A number of new diagnostic criteria were developed and categories.
DSM-5 Categories
- Disorders are grouped into different categories including:
- adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, childhood disorders, cognitive disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, factitious disorders, impulse control disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, sexual and gender identity disorders, sleep disorders, somatoform disorders, substance related disorders, adjustment disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders.
Axis II
- Axis II includes mental retardation and personality disorders.
- Axis II describes long-term problems that are overlooked under Axis I. (These problems may not require immediate attention, but can complicate treatment and should be taken into account).
- Mental retardation is characterized by intellectual impairment and deficits in other areas such as self-care and interpersonal skills.
- Axis II contains a rating scale for mental retardation.
- Personality disorders cause significant problems in how a patient relates to the world.
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder
- Avoidant personality disorder
- Dependent personality disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Axis III
- Axis III addresses any major medical conditions that may be relevant to treatment of the mental health disorder.
- These include physical and medical conditions that may influence or worsen Axis I and Axis II disorders. (e.g., HIV or AIDS, hypothyroidism, celiac disease, and brain injuries)
Axis IV
- Axis IV is used to report psychosocial and environmental factors affecting the person that can result from or contribute to Axis I, II, and III disorders.
- Some examples of these factors include:
- Problems with primary support group (divorce)
- Problems with the social environment (death of a friend)
- Educational problems
- Housing problems
- Economic problems
- Occupational difficulties
- Legal difficulties
- Transportation difficulties
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Description
This quiz explores the evolution of Humanistic Psychology and the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) published from 1952 to 2010. It highlights key figures such as Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Carl Rogers, as well as treatment methods like systematic desensitization introduced by Joseph Wolpe. Test your knowledge on significant developments in behavioral science and psychological disorders.
