Questions and Answers
Which epithelium type is found in most of the nasal cavity?
What is NOT a function of the nasal cavity?
Which region of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity?
Which of the following structures is involved in directing food away from the respiratory tract?
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What structural change occurs as you move from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
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Which of these best describes the pleura?
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What structure contributes to the gas exchange process in the lungs?
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What is the primary function of ventilation in the respiratory system?
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Which part of the respiratory system is classified as the upper respiratory tract?
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What is the function of the concha in the nasal cavity?
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Which zone of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?
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Which function is NOT typically associated with the respiratory system?
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What structures are involved in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
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How does the respiratory system contribute to the regulation of blood pH?
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What is the role of the hard palate in the nasal cavity?
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What happens to gas movement when the thickness of the respiratory membrane increases?
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How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
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Which physiological phenomenon is described by the relationship between volume and pressure in the lungs?
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What is the partial pressure of a gas when it is equal on both sides of the respiratory membrane?
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What is the tidal volume in pulmonary volumes?
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During expiration, what is the relationship between intra-alveolar pressure and barometric pressure?
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Which volume measures the air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration?
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What process is responsible for moving air into and out of the lungs?
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What is defined as the total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute?
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What is the purpose of measuring forced vital capacity (FVC)?
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What force promotes the expansion of the lungs during breathing?
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Which parameter quantifies the volume of air expired in the first second of a forced expiration?
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What does the forced expiratory volume 1% (FEV1%) represent?
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How does dynamic lung function differ from static lung function?
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What is indicated by a minimal movement of the rib cage during breathing?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Respiration includes ventilation (air movement), external respiration (gas exchange in lungs), transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues).
- Plays a role in blood pH regulation.
- Facilitates voice production.
- Responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction).
- Provides protection against pathogens and foreign particles.
Divisions of the Respiratory System
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Structural Classification:
- Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.
- Lower respiratory tract: larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
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Functional Classification:
- Conducting zone: passage for air movement.
- Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange within the lungs.
Anatomy of the Nose
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External Nose and Nasal Cavity:
- Nasal cavity extends from nostrils (nares) to choanae.
- Vestibule: entryway lined by stratified squamous epithelium with glands and hair follicles.
- Hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity.
- Nasal septum divides cavity into left and right portions.
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Nasal Conchae:
- Bony "ridges" (superior, middle, inferior) create superior, middle, and inferior meatus.
- Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium for function.
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Functions of Nasal Cavity:
- Air passage and cleaning via mucous and cilia.
- Humidifies and warms air with moisture and blood.
- Supports olfaction and contributes to voice resonance.
Pharynx Structure
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Regions of the Pharynx:
- Nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity, has Eustachian tube openings, and pharyngeal tonsils.
- Oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity, contains palatine and lingual tonsils.
- Laryngopharynx: posterior to the epiglottis.
Larynx
- Known as the voice box, composed of 9 cartilages (6 paired and 3 unpaired).
- Functions: facilitates air passage, directs food away from respiratory tract, enables sound production, traps debris to protect lungs.
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
- Descends from larynx, supported by 15-20 C-shaped cartilage rings.
- Tracheal lumen lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
- As bronchi divide, smooth muscle increases while cartilage decreases. Epithelium changes from pseudostratified to simple ciliated types.
Alveoli and Lungs
- Cone-shaped lungs: left lung has 2 lobes (with cardiac notch), right lung has 3 lobes.
- Lobes separated by fissures; hilum serves as entry for blood vessels, lymphatics, and bronchi.
Gas Exchange Mechanism
- Involves respiratory membrane between alveoli and capillaries.
- Factors affecting gas exchange: membrane thickness, surface area, diffusion coefficient, and partial pressure differences.
Gas Transport
- Oxygen Transport: Mostly via red blood cells (98.5% bound to hemoglobin); additional 1.5% dissolved in plasma.
- Carbon Dioxide Transport: 70% as bicarbonate (HCO3-), 23% bound to hemoglobin, 7% dissolved in plasma.
Ventilation Mechanics
- Pulmonary Ventilation: Air movement driven by diaphragm, rib cage, sternum, and intercostal muscles.
- Inspiration increases lung volume; expiration decreases it.
- Boyle's Law states that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.
Alveolar Pressure Dynamics
- Barometric pressure (PB) typically equals 760 mm Hg.
- Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) varies during breathing:
- During inspiration, PB > Palv (air flows into lungs).
- During expiration, Palv > PB (air flows out).
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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Pulmonary Volumes:
- Tidal volume: air volume with each breath.
- Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes for additional air capacity.
- Residual volume is air remaining post-forced expiration.
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Pulmonary Capacities:
- Sum of two or more volumes: inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, total lung capacity.
Measurements of Lung Function
- Utilized to diagnose lung diseases; includes static and dynamic measurements.
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Dynamic Lung Function Parameters:
- Forced vital capacity (FVC): maximal air expelled after deep inhalation.
- Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 sec): air expelled in first second.
- FEV1%: FEV1 expressed as a percentage of FVC.
Additional Breathing Definitions
- Respiratory Rate (RR): Number of breaths per minute.
- Minute Ventilation: Total air moved per minute (TV x RR).
- Anatomic Dead Space: Volume of air not participating in gas exchange.
- Alveolar Ventilation: Effective air volume available for gas exchange per minute.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the respiratory system and its functions, focusing on respiration and ventilation. It's designed for students studying Human Structure and Function at Curtin University. Test your knowledge on the essential aspects of human anatomy related to the respiratory system.
