Human Starvation and Survival Biology Quiz

<p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological and pathological</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To do no harm and treat malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often involves deficiencies in multiple macronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar to protein deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They felt terrible psychologically and physically</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often struggle to regain normal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein-energy malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gcn2 and AMPK</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue, immunodeficiency, and reduced tolerance to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of chronic diseases and small gestational age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first 1000 days from conception to the second birthday</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid accumulation and failed adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea, pneumonia, and tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cautious intervention, treating infections, and long-term prevention programs to increase food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micronutrient deficiencies and stressors like trauma, cancer, or inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypermetabolic and hypometabolic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Cachexia – cancer, systemic inflammation cortisol, epinephrine</li> <li>Hormone excess or deficiency like decrease in insulin, insulin growth factor</li> <li>Old age – sarcopenia</li> <li>Protein-energy malnutrition – starvation</li> <li>Inactivity – disuse atrophy bed rest, space flight, 0 gravity</li> <li>Neuromuscular disease.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of intervening before muscle atrophy becomes too intense is to prevent the loss of lean mass and potentially compromising functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A major increase in urinary nitrogen signifies a negative nitrogen balance, indicating the loss of lean mass and potential compromise of bodily functions due to protein breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential consequences of not addressing the metabolic response to injury and illness promptly include the development of sarcopenia and the risk of muscle atrophy due to various factors such as cachexia, hormonal imbalances, old age, malnutrition, inactivity, and neuromuscular diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological starvation is adaptive to promote survival, while pathological starvation involves some sort of stress that compromises adaptation, such as infection, cancer, drugs, or surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The challenges include the inability to put healthy humans on a diet to induce malnutrition, as it goes against the principle of 'do no harm.' Ethical considerations dictate that individuals with malnutrition must be treated rather than observed, and standard care should be offered as a control group in research studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malnutrition is a complex energy deficiency along with protein, and it rarely involves a single nutrient deficiency. It often includes deficiencies in other macronutrients, making it a multifaceted condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zinc deficiency can cause side effects and symptoms similar to protein deficiency, making it challenging to diagnose subclinical infections. Additionally, plasma zinc levels may not accurately reflect zinc status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals fed a low-protein and low-energy diet for six months experienced severe psychological and physical distress, making it difficult for them to recover from the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dutch Famine resulted in epigenetic changes, with infants facing chronic disease risks and small gestational age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edematous undernutrition leads to fluid accumulation and is associated with failed adaptation and subclinical infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular regulation in starvation involves Gcn2 and AMPK, contributing to successful adaptation at the cellular level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and tuberculosis are common in undernourished individuals, impacting immunity and overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) leads to clinical features such as fatigue, immunodeficiency, and reduced tolerance to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic insufficient food intake leads to starvation, resulting in the body's energy expenditure and protein requirement reducing to survive long-term undernutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical nutrition therapy for rehabilitation involves cautious intervention, treating infections, and long-term prevention programs to increase food security.</p> Signup and view all the answers