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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main functions of the skeletal system?
What type of bone is the pelvis?
What is the name of the shaft of a long bone?
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
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What is the main function of the muscular system?
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What is the structure that repeats within a myofibril?
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What is the type of connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers?
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What is the type of muscle fiber that is adapted for high-speed, low-endurance activities?
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Which type of muscle fiber has the highest endurance?
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What is the primary source of ATP in Fast glycolytic fibers?
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Which type of muscle fiber is largest in diameter?
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Where does aerobic respiration occur in muscle fibers?
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What is the function of Creatine phosphate in muscle metabolism?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- Provides protection, support, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
- Composed of five types of bones: flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid bones
Structure of a Long Bone
- Consists of proximal epiphysis, diaphysis (shaft), and distal epiphysis
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
- Axial skeleton: contains the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (80 bones)
- Appendicular skeleton: contains the limbs and pelvic bone (126 bones)
Muscular System
- Functions: movement, protection/support of organs and soft tissue, maintaining body temperature, and forming sphincters
- Consists of muscle fibers, which are composed of multiple myofibrils
Structure of Muscle Fiber
- Each myofibril has repeating sections called sarcomeres
- Sarcomeres consist of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments, responsible for muscle contraction
Structure of Muscle as an Organ
- Composed of epimysium (dense irregular connective tissue), perimysium (dense irregular connective tissue), and endomysium (areolar connective tissue)
Tendons and Aponeurosis
- Tendons: cord-like structures of dense regular connective tissue
- Aponeurosis: thin, flattened sheets of dense irregular connective tissue
Types of Muscle Fibers
- Fast twitch fibers: rapid, powerful contractions, low endurance
- Slow twitch fibers: slow, less powerful contractions, high endurance
- Intermediate fibers: combination of fast and slow twitch fibers
Muscle Fiber Characteristics
- Slow oxidative fibers: slow, less powerful contractions, high endurance, red color, many mitochondria
- Fast oxidative fibers: fast, powerful contractions, intermediate size, light red color, aerobic respiration
- Fast glycolytic fibers: fast, powerful contractions, largest size, white color, anaerobic respiration
Muscle Metabolism
- Aerobic metabolism: uses oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, produces 34 ATP
- Anaerobic metabolism: no oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, produces 2 ATP
- Creatine phosphate: high-energy molecule
- ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen storage: sources of energy for muscle contraction
Muscle Contraction
- Twitch: single muscle contraction
- Wave summation: rapid, repeated muscle contractions
- Tetanus: sustained muscle contraction, caused by neurotoxin of anaerobic bacteria (e.g., puncture wound)
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system, including its functions, types of bones, and structure of a long bone. Learn about the axial and appendicular skeleton and their components.
