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Questions and Answers
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?
Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?
How do the trabeculae in spongy bone align?
How do the trabeculae in spongy bone align?
What type of joint is the mandible attached by?
What type of joint is the mandible attached by?
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Which of the following bones does not articulate with another bone?
Which of the following bones does not articulate with another bone?
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How is each vertebra named?
How is each vertebra named?
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What do sutures in the skull do?
What do sutures in the skull do?
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What is the primary function of osteons in compact bone?
What is the primary function of osteons in compact bone?
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Which bone is referred to as the thigh bone?
Which bone is referred to as the thigh bone?
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What are the two bones that make up the leg?
What are the two bones that make up the leg?
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What type of joint is classified as freely movable?
What type of joint is classified as freely movable?
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What is the primary function of joints?
What is the primary function of joints?
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Which part of the skeleton includes limbs and girdles?
Which part of the skeleton includes limbs and girdles?
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How many bones are found in the tarsus of the foot?
How many bones are found in the tarsus of the foot?
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What is true about cartilaginous joints?
What is true about cartilaginous joints?
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What portion of the foot do the metatarsals contribute to?
What portion of the foot do the metatarsals contribute to?
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What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another in a back-and-forth manner?
What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another in a back-and-forth manner?
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Which movement decreases the angle between two bones?
Which movement decreases the angle between two bones?
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What is the movement called that increases the angle between two bones?
What is the movement called that increases the angle between two bones?
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Which of the following describes the movement of a limb towards the body's midline?
Which of the following describes the movement of a limb towards the body's midline?
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What type of movement allows for the distal end of a limb to move in a circular path while the proximal end remains stationary?
What type of movement allows for the distal end of a limb to move in a circular path while the proximal end remains stationary?
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What is the term for movement that continues beyond the anatomical position?
What is the term for movement that continues beyond the anatomical position?
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Which movement refers to spreading limbs away from the body's midline?
Which movement refers to spreading limbs away from the body's midline?
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Which of the following movements is NOT associated with synovial joints?
Which of the following movements is NOT associated with synovial joints?
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What type of movement do plane joints primarily permit?
What type of movement do plane joints primarily permit?
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Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint?
Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint?
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Which joint is classified as a pivot joint?
Which joint is classified as a pivot joint?
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How many axes do condyloid joints operate around?
How many axes do condyloid joints operate around?
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What type of movements do saddle joints allow?
What type of movements do saddle joints allow?
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What is a unique feature of pivot joints?
What is a unique feature of pivot joints?
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Which of the following joints is NOT a type of synovial joint?
Which of the following joints is NOT a type of synovial joint?
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Which type of joint generally has a thin and lax joint capsule?
Which type of joint generally has a thin and lax joint capsule?
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What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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How many bones are typically found in the human skeleton?
How many bones are typically found in the human skeleton?
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Which cell type in bone tissue is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
Which cell type in bone tissue is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
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What type of bone tissue is characterized by a dense structure?
What type of bone tissue is characterized by a dense structure?
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Which cell type is known for monitoring and maintaining the bone matrix?
Which cell type is known for monitoring and maintaining the bone matrix?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the skeletal system?
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What type of cells are considered stem cells in bone tissue?
What type of cells are considered stem cells in bone tissue?
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Study Notes
The Skeletal System
- The skeletal system comprises bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- It's divided into two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
- The skeleton has 206 bones.
- There are two basic types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone.
- Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
- Bones have various functions including support of the body, protection of soft organs, movement due to attached skeletal muscles, storage of minerals and fats, and blood cell formation.
- The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon (Haversian system).
- Osteons are elongated cylinders oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.
- The trabeculae in spongy bone align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resist stress.
Bone Markings
- Projections that are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments include tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, and process.
- Projections that help form joints include head, facet, condyle, and ramus.
- Depressions and openings for passage of blood vessels and nerves include groove, fissure, foramen, notch, meatus, and fossa.
Classifications of Joints
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Functional classification categorizes joints based on their mobility:
- Immovable joints
- Slightly moveable joints
- Freely moveable joints
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Structural classification categorizes joints based on the material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present:
- Fibrous joints (generally immovable)
- Cartilaginous joints (immovable or slightly moveable)
- Synovial joints (freely moveable): -Plane -Hinge -Pivot -Condyloid -Saddle -Ball and socket
Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
- Gliding: One flat bone surface glides or slips over another
- Angular movements: Increase or decrease the angle between bones (includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction)
- Rotation: Bone turning around its own long axis.
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
- Plane joints: Permit gliding or sliding movements.
- Hinge joints: Permit flexion and extension only.
- Pivot joints: Permit rotation around a central axis.
- Condyloid joints: Permit flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. (Biaxial)
- Saddle joints: Permit abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension. (Biaxial)
- Ball-and-socket joints: Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction. (Multiaxial)
The Skull
- Two sets of bones: cranium and facial bones.
- Bones are joined by sutures.
- Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint.
The Axial Skeleton
- Forms the longitudinal axis of the body.
- Divided into three parts: skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Comprises the limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
- The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle.
- The pelvic girdle includes the hip bones (coxal or innominate bones).
- The coxal bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
- The pelvis provides support and attachment for the lower limbs.
The Vertebral Column
- Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs.
- The spine has normal curvatures.
- Each vertebrae is named according to its location.
The Bony Thorax
- Composed of ribs, sternum, and associated cartilages.
Bones of the Upper Limb
- Includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Bones of the Lower Limb
- Includes the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
The Foot
- Comprised of the tarsus, metatarsals, and phalanges.
- The tarsus forms the ankle.
- Metatarsals form the sole.
- Phalanges comprises the toes.
Arches of the Foot
- Arches distribute weight, including medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches.
Long Bone Formation and Growth
- Bones develop from a cartilage model.
- Primary and secondary ossification centers contribute to bone lengthening.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the human skeletal system with this quiz. It covers various aspects of bone structure, types of joints, and functions of different skeletal components. Perfect for students studying anatomy or anyone interested in human biology.
