Human Skeletal System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

  • Osteon (correct)
  • Haversian Canal
  • Bone Marrow
  • Trabeculae

Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal part of the body?

  • Appendicular Skeleton
  • Axial Skeleton (correct)
  • Cranial Skeleton
  • Pelvic Skeleton

How do the trabeculae in spongy bone align?

  • In horizontal layers
  • Along lines of stress (correct)
  • In a circular pattern
  • Randomly distributed

What type of joint is the mandible attached by?

<p>Freely movable joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones does not articulate with another bone?

<p>Hyoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is each vertebra named?

<p>According to its location (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sutures in the skull do?

<p>Join two sets of bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteons in compact bone?

<p>To bear weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is referred to as the thigh bone?

<p>Femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two bones that make up the leg?

<p>Tibia and Fibula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is classified as freely movable?

<p>Synovial joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of joints?

<p>Hold bones together and allow mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton includes limbs and girdles?

<p>Appendicular skeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are found in the tarsus of the foot?

<p>Seven (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about cartilaginous joints?

<p>They are generally immovable or slightly movable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What portion of the foot do the metatarsals contribute to?

<p>Sole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement occurs when one bone surface glides over another in a back-and-forth manner?

<p>Gliding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement decreases the angle between two bones?

<p>Flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement called that increases the angle between two bones?

<p>Extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the movement of a limb towards the body's midline?

<p>Adduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement allows for the distal end of a limb to move in a circular path while the proximal end remains stationary?

<p>Circumduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for movement that continues beyond the anatomical position?

<p>Hyperextension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement refers to spreading limbs away from the body's midline?

<p>Abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is NOT associated with synovial joints?

<p>Building (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement do plane joints primarily permit?

<p>Gliding or sliding movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint?

<p>Elbow joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is classified as a pivot joint?

<p>Median atlantoaxial joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many axes do condyloid joints operate around?

<p>Biaxial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movements do saddle joints allow?

<p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of pivot joints?

<p>They permit rotation around a central axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is NOT a type of synovial joint?

<p>Ball and socket joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint generally has a thin and lax joint capsule?

<p>Hinge joints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

<p>Axial and Appendicular Skeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

<p>Production of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are typically found in the human skeleton?

<p>206 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in bone tissue is primarily responsible for bone resorption?

<p>Osteoclasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone tissue is characterized by a dense structure?

<p>Compact bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is known for monitoring and maintaining the bone matrix?

<p>Osteocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the skeletal system?

<p>Tendons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are considered stem cells in bone tissue?

<p>Osteogenic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that includes the limbs (arms and legs) and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Compact Bone

A dense bone tissue that forms the hard outer layer of bones, providing strength and support.

Spongy Bone

A porous bone tissue found inside bones, providing support with less weight.

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Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that build bone matrix.

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix.

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Bone Function (Support)

Bones provide a framework for the body and support soft tissues.

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Bone Function (Blood Cell Formation)

Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone, an elongated cylinder parallel to the bone's long axis.

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Spongy Bone Trabeculae

Align along stress lines in spongy bone to resist stress.

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Skull Bones

Cranium and facial bones, joined by sutures; mandible is the only freely movable joint.

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Paranasal Sinuses

Hollow parts of bones surrounding the nasal cavity.

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Hyoid Bone

The only bone that doesn't articulate with another bone; supports the tongue.

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Vertebral Column

Vertebrae separated by discs, with a normal curvature; named by location.

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Typical Vertebrae Structure

Vertebrae are structured elements with varying locations along the spinal column.

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The Sacrum

A triangular bone located at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.

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Pectoral Girdle

The bony structure that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Pelvic Girdle

The bony structure that connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints, characterized by a fluid-filled cavity.

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Functional Joint Classification

Categorization of joints based on their degree of movement.

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Foot Arches

Support structures in the foot that distribute weight evenly.

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Lower Limb Bones

The femur, tibia, and fibula form the structures of the thigh and lower leg, respectively.

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Flexion

A bending movement that decreases the angle between two bones.

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Extension

The opposite of flexion; increases the angle between two bones.

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Hyperextension

Continuing a movement beyond the anatomical position.

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Abduction

Moving a limb away from the body's midline.

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Adduction

Moving a limb towards the body's midline.

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Circumduction

Moving a limb in a circular motion, describing a cone.

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Rotation

Turning a bone around its own long axis.

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Gliding

Movement of one flat bone surface over another, back-and-forth and side-to-side.

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Plane Joint

Allows gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surfaces. Bones are flat or nearly flat.

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Hinge Joint Example

Elbow joint. Allows only flexion and extension movements in one plane (sagittal).

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Pivot Joint

Allows rotation around an axis. A rounded bone process rotates within a sleeve or ring.

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Condyloid Joint

Allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Movement in one plane is often greater.

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Saddle Joint

Allows abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension. More flexible than condyloid joints.

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Uniaxial Joint

Allows movement around a single axis.

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Biaxial Joint

Allows movement around two axes.

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Study Notes

The Skeletal System

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
  • It's divided into two divisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
  • The skeleton has 206 bones.
  • There are two basic types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone.
  • Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
  • Bones have various functions including support of the body, protection of soft organs, movement due to attached skeletal muscles, storage of minerals and fats, and blood cell formation.
  • The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon (Haversian system).
  • Osteons are elongated cylinders oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.
  • The trabeculae in spongy bone align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resist stress.

Bone Markings

  • Projections that are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments include tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, and process.
  • Projections that help form joints include head, facet, condyle, and ramus.
  • Depressions and openings for passage of blood vessels and nerves include groove, fissure, foramen, notch, meatus, and fossa.

Classifications of Joints

  • Functional classification categorizes joints based on their mobility:
    • Immovable joints
    • Slightly moveable joints
    • Freely moveable joints
  • Structural classification categorizes joints based on the material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present:
    • Fibrous joints (generally immovable)
    • Cartilaginous joints (immovable or slightly moveable)
    • Synovial joints (freely moveable): -Plane -Hinge -Pivot -Condyloid -Saddle -Ball and socket

Types of Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

  • Gliding: One flat bone surface glides or slips over another
  • Angular movements: Increase or decrease the angle between bones (includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction)
  • Rotation: Bone turning around its own long axis.

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

  • Plane joints: Permit gliding or sliding movements.
  • Hinge joints: Permit flexion and extension only.
  • Pivot joints: Permit rotation around a central axis.
  • Condyloid joints: Permit flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. (Biaxial)
  • Saddle joints: Permit abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension. (Biaxial)
  • Ball-and-socket joints: Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction. (Multiaxial)

The Skull

  • Two sets of bones: cranium and facial bones.
  • Bones are joined by sutures.
  • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint.

The Axial Skeleton

  • Forms the longitudinal axis of the body.
  • Divided into three parts: skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.

The Appendicular Skeleton

  • Comprises the limbs (appendages), pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.
  • The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle.
  • The pelvic girdle includes the hip bones (coxal or innominate bones).
    • The coxal bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
    • The pelvis provides support and attachment for the lower limbs.

The Vertebral Column

  • Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs.
  • The spine has normal curvatures.
  • Each vertebrae is named according to its location.

The Bony Thorax

  • Composed of ribs, sternum, and associated cartilages.

Bones of the Upper Limb

  • Includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Bones of the Lower Limb

  • Includes the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

The Foot

  • Comprised of the tarsus, metatarsals, and phalanges.
  • The tarsus forms the ankle.
  • Metatarsals form the sole.
  • Phalanges comprises the toes.

Arches of the Foot

  • Arches distribute weight, including medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches.

Long Bone Formation and Growth

  • Bones develop from a cartilage model.
  • Primary and secondary ossification centers contribute to bone lengthening.

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Skeletal System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the human skeletal system with this quiz. It covers various aspects of bone structure, types of joints, and functions of different skeletal components. Perfect for students studying anatomy or anyone interested in human biology.

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