Human Skeletal System Quiz

Homeostasis

• Anatomy: structure, unique features, or structure
• Physiology: function
• Morphology: form/
• Approaches to the study of Anatomy: systemic (study of body by systems) and regional (study of body by areas)
• Areas of Specialization: gross anatomy (large structures), microscopic anatomy (small structures), cytology (study of cells), and histology (study of tissues)
• Physiology: processes and function of living things (single molecule, structure)

Goals

• Understand and predict body's responses to stimuli
• Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environment.

Levels of Organization

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ System
• Organism

Metabolism

• Usage and production of energy

Cells

• Smallest unit of life
• Specialized Cells: function, identity, specific
• Unspecialized Cells: no specific function, structure, stem cells

Tissues

• Skeletal Muscle Cells (voluntary) - skeletal tissue, striation, disks
• Cardiac Muscle Cells
• Smooth Muscle Cells (involuntary)
• Blood - connective tissue, connects body
• Organs: made up of different types of tissue and cells
• Two or more organs work together to accomplish a task.
• Organism: combined organ system

Basics of Life

• Organization: refers to the interrelationships among parts and how they perform specific functions
• Metabolism: ability to use energy to perform vital functions
• Anabolism: build molecules from smaller ones (muscle formation)
• Catabolism: breaks down large molecules to produce energy
• Responsiveness: respond to different stimuli
• Growth: increase in size
• Development: processes of changes
• Reproduction vs. Production (making copies)

Homeostasis

• Internal balance, failure: death
• Physiological parameter: BP, Temperature
• Homeostatic Mechanism: to become balance again the homeostasis, Set point/normal range, Fluctuation (difference from the normal value)
• Negative Feedback: brings back body to normal value (examples: sweating, shivering, diabetes)
• Positive Feedback: intensifies the change (examples: childbirth)

Epithelial Tissues

• Covers external and internal surfaces throughout the body
• Also forms most glands
• Consists almost entirely of cells with very little extracellular material between them.
• Basement membrane: function as a filter and a barrier to the movement of cells
• Functions: protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances
• Classification of Epithelia: based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells (simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, squamous, keratinized, nonkeratinized)

Glandular Epithelium

• Endocrine glands: ductless, toward the inside of the body (hormones)
• Exocrine glands: has ducts, outside of the body, methods of secretion (merocrine, holocrine, apocrine)

Structural and Functional Relationships

• Cell layers and cell shapes reflect the function of epithelium.
• Epithelial types in organs that move materials, stratified types for protection.
• Stratified types: cuboidal or columnar, larger because they contain more organelles.
• Free surfaces: Microvilli - increase free surface area, Cilia - propel materials along the surface, Goblet Cells – produce mucus
• Connective Tissue: found throughout the body (loose, dense, supporting, fluid)

Supporting Connective Tissue

• Cartilage (semi-solid matrix): Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic
• Bone (solid matrix): Spongy, Compact
• Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood, Hemopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow, Yellow Marrow)

Muscle Tissues

• Skeletal Muscle (voluntary): striated, many nuclei
• Cardiac Muscle (involuntary): striated, single nucleus
• Smooth Muscle (involuntary): not striated, single nucleus

Integumentary System

• Covering (skin, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)
• Epidermis: most superficial (avascular, no blood vessels)
• Dermis: thickest structure (vascular)
• Hypodermis: connects skin to underlying muscle or bone (subcutaneous layer)

Epidermis

• Thin skin (4 layers): basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
• Thick skin (5 layers): basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
• Keratinization: movement, cells change shape and chemical composition (keratinocytes – keratin – intracellular fibrous protein)
• Stratum Basale (germinativum): deepest epidermal layer
• Stratum Corneum: topmost layer, exposed to envrionment
• Other layers (Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum)

Dermis

• Contains hair follicles and sweat glands
• Cleavage lines (collagen fibers oriented in certain directions)
• Scar formation
• Dermal Papillae (fingerprints and footprints)
• Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Tissue (attaches skin to underlying bone)
• Skin Accessories: Hair, Hair Follicle, Arrector Pili, Nails, Glands

Physiology of Skin

• Protection (water loss, microorganisms, abrasion, UV light)
• Sensation (receptors for pain, heat, cold, pressure, detect hair movement)
• Vitamin D (precursor conversion by UV light)
• Temperature Regulation (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
• Excretion (waste removal in sweat)

Diseases and Diagnostic Aids

• Integumentary system in diagnosis (cyanosis, jaundice)
• Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency
• Burns, Skin Cancer, Effects of aging.

Skeletal System

• Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs)
• Appendicular skeleton (limbs: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs)
• Skull (22 bones, divided into braincase and facial bones)
• Cranial bones (8 bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid)
• Facial bones (14 bones, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, vomer)
• Skull Sutures: coronal, squamous, lambdoid, sagittal
• Vertebral column (vertebrae, regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal; curves: kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis)
• Ribs (12 pairs, true, false, and floating ribs)
• Pectoral Girdle (scapulae and clavicles)
• Upper Limb (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
• Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
• Lower Limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

Joints or Articulation

• Types of connective tissue: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
• Functional classes of joints: Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses
• Types Movement: Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation, Supination, Circumduction

Muscular System

• Functions: movement, posture maintenance, respiration, heat production, communication, heart contraction
• Categories: skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
• Characteristics: Irritability, Contractility, Extensibility, and Elasticity
• Structure: Epimysium, Perimysium, Fascicles, Endomysium, Sarcolemma, Transverse Tubules, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Myofibrils, Sarcomeres (actin, myosin, Z-lines, M-line)
• Sliding Filament Theory (actin, myosin, contraction cycle)

Nervous System

• Divisions of the nervous system: central (brain, spinal cord), peripheral (nerves, ganglia, plexus)
• Cells: Neurons, Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells)
• Neuron Types: multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar
• Myelin sheaths (protection, speed)
• Action potentials (resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolariazation, threshold), all-or-nothing response
• Membrane potentials (resting, graded, action, nerve impulse propagation)
• Synapses (electrical and chemical)
• Reflexes (involuntary reactions, reflex arc)
• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
• Spinal cord
• Brachial plexus
• Lumbosacral plexus
• Dermatomes
• Central and Peripheral System, Brachial, Lumbosacral plexus
• Sensory tracts, motor tracts , Meninges
• Spinal cord - gray and white matter (posterior horns, ventral horns, lateral columns, central canal)
• Sympathetic division
• Parasympathetic division
• Autonomic nervous system
• Autonomic effects
• CNS,PNS,Brain,Spinal cord,Ganglia,Nerves,Ganglia,Spinal Cord, Peripheral System,Cranial nerves,Spinal nerves

Test your knowledge on the human skeletal system with this quiz. Questions cover bone structure, functions, and classifications pertaining to the skull, vertebral column, and joints. Perfect for anatomy students looking to enhance their understanding of human physiology.