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Questions and Answers
How many bones are in the braincase?
How many bones are in the braincase?
Which of the following is the only freely movable bone of the skull?
Which of the following is the only freely movable bone of the skull?
What is the function of the frontanelle in infants?
What is the function of the frontanelle in infants?
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
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Which curvature of the spine is abnormal and characterized by a sway back condition?
Which curvature of the spine is abnormal and characterized by a sway back condition?
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What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
What distinguishes true ribs from false ribs?
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Which bone is known for its butterfly shape in the skull?
Which bone is known for its butterfly shape in the skull?
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What is the function of the rib cage?
What is the function of the rib cage?
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What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?
What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?
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Which bone is considered the largest weight-bearing bone in the leg?
Which bone is considered the largest weight-bearing bone in the leg?
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Which structure forms the pelvic girdle?
Which structure forms the pelvic girdle?
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What type of joint allows the most movement?
What type of joint allows the most movement?
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What is the primary function of fibrous joints?
What is the primary function of fibrous joints?
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Which movement occurs when the forearm rotates so that the palm faces down?
Which movement occurs when the forearm rotates so that the palm faces down?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the first modification of the vitamin D precursor after it is formed?
What is the first modification of the vitamin D precursor after it is formed?
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What does vasodilation in the dermis help with?
What does vasodilation in the dermis help with?
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What type of movement is described as moving a limb away from the median plane?
What type of movement is described as moving a limb away from the median plane?
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Which condition is indicated by cyanosis?
Which condition is indicated by cyanosis?
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What is one of the common indicators of liver dysfunction?
What is one of the common indicators of liver dysfunction?
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Which nutrient deficiency is associated with a sandpaper-like texture of the skin?
Which nutrient deficiency is associated with a sandpaper-like texture of the skin?
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What effect does aging have on the skin?
What effect does aging have on the skin?
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What is the most common type of cancer related to UV exposure?
What is the most common type of cancer related to UV exposure?
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What minor role does sweat play in the body?
What minor role does sweat play in the body?
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What structure contains a single nucleus and is the source of information for gene expression in neurons?
What structure contains a single nucleus and is the source of information for gene expression in neurons?
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Which type of neuron is primarily associated with special senses?
Which type of neuron is primarily associated with special senses?
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What role do astrocytes play in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What role do astrocytes play in the central nervous system (CNS)?
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How do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells differ in their function?
How do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells differ in their function?
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What is the primary function of microglia in the CNS?
What is the primary function of microglia in the CNS?
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Which structure wraps around axons to form the myelin sheath?
Which structure wraps around axons to form the myelin sheath?
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What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
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What distinguishes myelinated axons from non-myelinated axons?
What distinguishes myelinated axons from non-myelinated axons?
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What is the primary function of the nodes of Ranvier in axons?
What is the primary function of the nodes of Ranvier in axons?
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Which statement accurately describes gray matter?
Which statement accurately describes gray matter?
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What generates the resting membrane potential (RMP) in a cell?
What generates the resting membrane potential (RMP) in a cell?
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Which type of ion channels are responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential?
Which type of ion channels are responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential?
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What triggers the opening of voltage-gated channels in excitable cells?
What triggers the opening of voltage-gated channels in excitable cells?
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How does the permeability of the cell membrane compare between K+ and Na+ at rest?
How does the permeability of the cell membrane compare between K+ and Na+ at rest?
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What occurs when chemically gated channels are opened in a neuron?
What occurs when chemically gated channels are opened in a neuron?
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Why is myelination important for action potentials in axons?
Why is myelination important for action potentials in axons?
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What is the main structural unit of compact bone?
What is the main structural unit of compact bone?
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What role do osteoclasts play in bone calcium homeostasis?
What role do osteoclasts play in bone calcium homeostasis?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with skeletal muscle?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with skeletal muscle?
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Which connective tissue surrounds a whole skeletal muscle?
Which connective tissue surrounds a whole skeletal muscle?
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What is the primary function of the sarcomere?
What is the primary function of the sarcomere?
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What characteristic allows skeletal muscle to return to its original length after being stretched?
What characteristic allows skeletal muscle to return to its original length after being stretched?
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Which type of muscle is characterized by being striated and under voluntary control?
Which type of muscle is characterized by being striated and under voluntary control?
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What connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers?
What connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers?
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Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Anatomy: structure, unique features, or structure
- Physiology: function
- Morphology: form/
- Approaches to the study of Anatomy: systemic (study of body by systems) and regional (study of body by areas)
- Areas of Specialization: gross anatomy (large structures), microscopic anatomy (small structures), cytology (study of cells), and histology (study of tissues)
- Physiology: processes and function of living things (single molecule, structure)
Goals
- Understand and predict body's responses to stimuli
- Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environment.
Levels of Organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organism
Metabolism
- Usage and production of energy
Cells
- Smallest unit of life
- Specialized Cells: function, identity, specific
- Unspecialized Cells: no specific function, structure, stem cells
Tissues
- Skeletal Muscle Cells (voluntary) - skeletal tissue, striation, disks
- Cardiac Muscle Cells
- Smooth Muscle Cells (involuntary)
- Blood - connective tissue, connects body
- Organs: made up of different types of tissue and cells
- Two or more organs work together to accomplish a task.
- Organism: combined organ system
Basics of Life
- Organization: refers to the interrelationships among parts and how they perform specific functions
- Metabolism: ability to use energy to perform vital functions
- Anabolism: build molecules from smaller ones (muscle formation)
- Catabolism: breaks down large molecules to produce energy
- Responsiveness: respond to different stimuli
- Growth: increase in size
- Development: processes of changes
- Reproduction vs. Production (making copies)
Homeostasis
- Internal balance, failure: death
- Physiological parameter: BP, Temperature
- Homeostatic Mechanism: to become balance again the homeostasis, Set point/normal range, Fluctuation (difference from the normal value)
- Negative Feedback: brings back body to normal value (examples: sweating, shivering, diabetes)
- Positive Feedback: intensifies the change (examples: childbirth)
Epithelial Tissues
- Covers external and internal surfaces throughout the body
- Also forms most glands
- Consists almost entirely of cells with very little extracellular material between them.
- Basement membrane: function as a filter and a barrier to the movement of cells
- Functions: protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances
- Classification of Epithelia: based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells (simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, squamous, keratinized, nonkeratinized)
Glandular Epithelium
- Endocrine glands: ductless, toward the inside of the body (hormones)
- Exocrine glands: has ducts, outside of the body, methods of secretion (merocrine, holocrine, apocrine)
Structural and Functional Relationships
- Cell layers and cell shapes reflect the function of epithelium.
- Epithelial types in organs that move materials, stratified types for protection.
- Stratified types: cuboidal or columnar, larger because they contain more organelles.
- Free surfaces: Microvilli - increase free surface area, Cilia - propel materials along the surface, Goblet Cells – produce mucus
- Connective Tissue: found throughout the body (loose, dense, supporting, fluid)
Supporting Connective Tissue
- Cartilage (semi-solid matrix): Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic
- Bone (solid matrix): Spongy, Compact
- Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood, Hemopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow, Yellow Marrow)
Muscle Tissues
- Skeletal Muscle (voluntary): striated, many nuclei
- Cardiac Muscle (involuntary): striated, single nucleus
- Smooth Muscle (involuntary): not striated, single nucleus
Integumentary System
- Covering (skin, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)
- Epidermis: most superficial (avascular, no blood vessels)
- Dermis: thickest structure (vascular)
- Hypodermis: connects skin to underlying muscle or bone (subcutaneous layer)
Epidermis
- Thin skin (4 layers): basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
- Thick skin (5 layers): basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
- Keratinization: movement, cells change shape and chemical composition (keratinocytes – keratin – intracellular fibrous protein)
- Stratum Basale (germinativum): deepest epidermal layer
- Stratum Corneum: topmost layer, exposed to envrionment
- Other layers (Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum)
Dermis
- Contains hair follicles and sweat glands
- Cleavage lines (collagen fibers oriented in certain directions)
- Scar formation
- Dermal Papillae (fingerprints and footprints)
- Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Tissue (attaches skin to underlying bone)
- Skin Accessories: Hair, Hair Follicle, Arrector Pili, Nails, Glands
Physiology of Skin
- Protection (water loss, microorganisms, abrasion, UV light)
- Sensation (receptors for pain, heat, cold, pressure, detect hair movement)
- Vitamin D (precursor conversion by UV light)
- Temperature Regulation (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
- Excretion (waste removal in sweat)
Diseases and Diagnostic Aids
- Integumentary system in diagnosis (cyanosis, jaundice)
- Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency
- Burns, Skin Cancer, Effects of aging.
Skeletal System
- Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs)
- Appendicular skeleton (limbs: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs)
- Skull (22 bones, divided into braincase and facial bones)
- Cranial bones (8 bones, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid)
- Facial bones (14 bones, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, vomer)
- Skull Sutures: coronal, squamous, lambdoid, sagittal
- Vertebral column (vertebrae, regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal; curves: kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis)
- Ribs (12 pairs, true, false, and floating ribs)
- Pectoral Girdle (scapulae and clavicles)
- Upper Limb (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
- Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis)
- Lower Limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
Joints or Articulation
- Types of connective tissue: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
- Functional classes of joints: Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses
- Types Movement: Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Abduction, Adduction, Pronation, Supination, Circumduction
Muscular System
- Functions: movement, posture maintenance, respiration, heat production, communication, heart contraction
- Categories: skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
- Characteristics: Irritability, Contractility, Extensibility, and Elasticity
- Structure: Epimysium, Perimysium, Fascicles, Endomysium, Sarcolemma, Transverse Tubules, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Myofibrils, Sarcomeres (actin, myosin, Z-lines, M-line)
- Sliding Filament Theory (actin, myosin, contraction cycle)
Nervous System
- Divisions of the nervous system: central (brain, spinal cord), peripheral (nerves, ganglia, plexus)
- Cells: Neurons, Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells)
- Neuron Types: multipolar, bipolar, pseudo-unipolar
- Myelin sheaths (protection, speed)
- Action potentials (resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolariazation, threshold), all-or-nothing response
- Membrane potentials (resting, graded, action, nerve impulse propagation)
- Synapses (electrical and chemical)
- Reflexes (involuntary reactions, reflex arc)
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- Spinal cord
- Brachial plexus
- Lumbosacral plexus
- Dermatomes
- Central and Peripheral System, Brachial, Lumbosacral plexus
- Sensory tracts, motor tracts , Meninges
- Spinal cord - gray and white matter (posterior horns, ventral horns, lateral columns, central canal)
- Sympathetic division
- Parasympathetic division
- Autonomic nervous system
- Autonomic effects
- CNS,PNS,Brain,Spinal cord,Ganglia,Nerves,Ganglia,Spinal Cord, Peripheral System,Cranial nerves,Spinal nerves
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human skeletal system with this quiz. Questions cover bone structure, functions, and classifications pertaining to the skull, vertebral column, and joints. Perfect for anatomy students looking to enhance their understanding of human physiology.
