Anatomy and Physiology: Skeleton Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle fiber contraction?

It facilitates the resynthesis of ATP.

It directly shortens the muscle fibers.

It activates the enzyme for actin and myosin interaction. (correct)

It transports oxygen to muscle cells.

What characterizes spongy bone compared to dense (compact) bone?

Spongy bone is located only in the center of flat bones.

Spongy bone is primarily found at the ends of long bones and can withstand forces from multiple directions. (correct)

Spongy bone forms a protective covering around the outside of the bone.

Spongy bone is better able to withstand longitudinal forces than horizontal forces.

What distinguishes the point of origin from the point of insertion in skeletal muscles?

The origin does not move, while the insertion does during contraction. (correct)

The origin is where the muscle fibers are primarily dense.

The origin moves during contraction, while the insertion remains fixed.

The origin is attached to the more movable bone.

Which of the following is true about bone growth?

The process of ossification occurs in the epiphyseal cartilage until about age 25. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is NOT part of the bone healing process?

Necrotic tissue clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of joints in the skeletal system?

To allow movement through the articulation of two or more bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical intervention before performing an MRI on a client?

Check for any metal implants with magnetic properties. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of synovial fluid in joints?

Synovial fluid lubricates cartilage and provides shock absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)?

It measures bone mass of several key bones and total body. Signup and view all the answers

In muscle contraction, which of the following compounds is essential for initiating contraction?

Acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron to initiate an action potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a bone scan?

To identify and stage bone cancer and detect fractures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions should be performed after a bone scan?

Encourage oral fluid intake to promote renal filtering. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common management strategy for sprains?

Use of the RICE method for swelling reduction. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a simple fracture?

The skin over the fractured area remains intact and no soft tissue injuries occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate intervention for a client undergoing electromyography (EMG)?

Instructs the client to expect mild discomfort due to needle insertion. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture involves one side being broken while the other remains bent, often seen in children?

Greenstick Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the reduction process for fractures?

To restore proper alignment of the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes skin traction?

Involves the use of elastic bandages or adhesive devices Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with both internal and external fixation methods?

Increased likelihood of infection at the fixation site Signup and view all the answers

Which type of traction allows some freedom of movement while providing stabilization?

Balanced suspension traction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anesthesia would be most appropriate for major surgeries requiring complete muscle relaxation?

General anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

What risk factor is specifically associated with general anesthesia?

Genetic history of malignant hyperthermia Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes moderate sedation?

Allows the client to be arousable to verbal stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main priority when managing anesthesia in all surgical situations?

Ensuring airway patency. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition increases susceptibility to anesthetic agents, particularly in older adult clients?

Respiratory disease affecting oxygen levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the administration of propofol?

Allergy to eggs and soybean oil Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Stage IV of general anesthesia?

Fixed pupils and potential for respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anesthetic agents primarily provides sedation and amnesia but not analgesia?

Propofol Signup and view all the answers

Benzodiazepines are used for which of the following purposes in anesthesia?

Promote amnesia and reduce preoperative anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What are common adverse effects of opioids used during anesthesia?

Respiratory depression and nausea Signup and view all the answers

What is a late manifestation of malignant hyperthermia?

Extremely elevated temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is essential for managing an episode of malignant hyperthermia?

Infuse iced IV 0.9% sodium chloride Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication may arise from the use of epidural anesthesia?

Severe hypotension Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a client being aware of their surroundings during surgery?

Anesthesia awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of systemic toxicity from local anesthesia?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeleton Anatomy

The skeleton consists of two main parts: the axial portion (cranium, vertebrae, ribs) and the appendicular portion (limbs, shoulders - scapulae, clavicles, hips - pelvis).
Types of bones include long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

Bone Structure

Spongy Bone: Found in the ends of long bones and center of flat/irregular bones; can withstand multi-directional forces.
Dense (Compact) Bone: Covers spongy bone and forms a cylinder around a marrow cavity; withstands longitudinal forces better than horizontal forces.

Bone Functions

Bones support and protect body structures, provide muscle attachment, house blood cell formation tissues, and regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations.

Bone Growth

Lengthening occurs through ossification of epiphyseal cartilage; growth stops between ages 18-25.
Bone width increases due to osteoblast activity; this process slows with aging and is affected by increased bone resorption.

Joint Characteristics

Joints permit movement, connecting two bones, covered with cartilage, and enclosed within a capsule (synovial joints) containing synovial fluid for lubrication and shock absorption.

Muscle Overview

Muscles are composed of bundles of fibers that enable movement, maintain posture, and generate heat.
Contraction requires ATP, calcium, and the action of acetylcholine at the motor neuron junction.

Skeletal Muscles

Attached to bones with tendons; muscles coordinate as prime movers, antagonists, and synergists.
Points of attachment: origin (fixed) and insertion (moves during contraction).

Types of Joints

Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable (cartilaginous joints).
Diarthrosis: Freely movable (synovial joints).
Synarthrosis: Immovable (fibrous joints).

Bone Healing Process

Consists of stages: hematoma formation, granulation tissue development, callus formation, osteoblastic proliferation, bone remodeling, and healing completion.

Musculoskeletal Risk Factors

Factors include autoimmune disorders, obesity, hyperuricemia, trauma, infections, and certain medications.

Diagnostic Tests

Radiography and MRI: Common imaging techniques to diagnose musculoskeletal issues; involve careful handling of injured areas and may require patient preparation (e.g., removing metal objects).
Arthrocentesis: Involves aspirating joint fluid for diagnosis and may include medication injection to alleviate inflammation.

Arthroscopy

Endoscopic joint examination used for both diagnosis and treatment; can assess cartilage abnormalities and conduct biopsies.

Bone Density Measurements

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry: Measures bone mass for diagnosing metabolic bone diseases; minimal radiation and painless.
Quantitative Ultrasound: Evaluates bone strength and density using ultrasound; also painless.

Bone Scan

Identifies bone cancer and evaluates fractures; involves injecting a radioisotope which marks abnormal bone metabolism.

Biopsy Procedures

May involve aspiration or surgical methods; monitoring for complications such as bleeding or infection is vital post-procedure.

Electromyography (EMG)

Evaluates muscle health and nerve control; involves needle insertion into muscle to measure electrical activity.

Musculoskeletal Injuries

Strains: Excessive stretching of muscles/tendons; managed with cold/heat therapy, anti-inflammatory meds, and possible surgery for severe cases.
Sprains: Excessive stretching or tearing of ligaments, commonly treated with the RICE protocol (rest, ice, compression, elevation).

Fractures

Defined as breaks in bone continuity, with types including closed, compound, comminuted, and stress fractures.
Signs include pain, deformity, and loss of function; initial care involves immobilization of the affected area.

Fracture Management

Reduction: Aligns bone; can be closed (non-surgical) or open (surgical).
Fixation: Internal or external methods stabilize bones; internal fixation uses surgical screws/plates for stabilization.

Traction Methods

Skeletal Traction: Applied mechanically to bone using pins/wires.
Skin Traction: Uses elastic bandages/adaptive devices; prevents excessive pressure on the skin and provides muscle spasm relief.

Balanced Suspension Traction

Involves using weights and pulley systems to maintain bone alignment and reduce muscle spasms, essential for effective fracture management.### Balanced Suspension Traction
Used to approximate fractures of femur, tibia, or fibula.
Counterforce other than the client is utilized.
Client positioning: low-Fowler’s position, maintaining a 20-degree thigh angle to the bed.
Skin protection is essential to prevent breakdown.
Pin care includes cleaning with sterile saline or prescribed antiseptics.

Casts

Types: plaster, fiberglass, and air casts immobilize bones/joints post-fracture.
Wet plaster needs 24-72 hours to dry; synthetic casts dry in about 20 minutes.
Handling wet plaster casts with palms is crucial to prevent imprints.
Regular monitoring for circulatory impairment is essential; prepare for cast cutting if necessary.
Infection signs include fever, hot spots, foul odor, or pain changes.

Complications of Fractures

Key complications: avascular necrosis, compartment syndrome, fat embolism, infection, and osteomyelitis.
Circulatory impairment symptoms: pain, swelling, coolness, or diminished pulse.

Fat Embolism

Caused by foreign particles entering pulmonary circulation.
Symptoms: restlessness, sudden dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hypoxemia.
Interventions include oxygen administration, IV fluids, and monitoring vital signs.

Acute Compartment Syndrome

Occurs when pressure increases within muscle compartments, risking blood flow and tissue oxygenation.
Symptoms: severe pain, pale distal tissue, pain with passive movement, and pulselessness as a late sign.
Immediate action includes loosening dressings or performing fasciotomy.

Infection and Osteomyelitis

Caused by organisms entering bones, leading to localized infection.
Symptoms: high fever, erythema, leukocytosis.
Requires aggressive IV antibiotics and possibly surgery.

Avascular Necrosis

Bone death due to interrupted blood supply from fractures.
Symptoms include pain and decreased sensation.

Crutch Gaits

Types include two-point, three-point, four-point, swing-to, and swing-through.
Proper crutch fitting is crucial to avoid brachial plexus injury; maintain elbow flexion and correct positioning.

Cane and Walker Use

Canes: should be held on the unaffected side, positioned 4-6 inches from the foot.
Walkers: all four points must touch the ground before weight-bearing.
Ensure regular checks on rubber tips for safety.

Fractured Hip

Types: intracapsular (within joint capsule, slower healing) and extracapsular (outside the capsule).
Postoperative care focuses on maintaining alignment, preventing dislocation, and monitoring for infection.

Total Knee Replacement

Involves implantation of a device to replace damaged joint surfaces.
Continuous passive motion (CPM) may be prescribed post-surgery for recovery.

Joint Dislocation and Subluxation

Dislocation involves complete separation of joint surfaces, while subluxation is incomplete.
Immediate reduction and injury assessment are critical to prevent complications.

Herniation: Intervertebral Disc

Disc herniation can occur in cervical or lumbar regions, causing pain and neurological deficits.
Conservative management includes bed rest, cervical collars, and limited movement.
Surgical interventions may involve discectomy, laminectomy, or fusion depending on severity.### Postoperative Care: Surgical Interventions
Monitor surgical dressing for drainage, bleeding, signs of infection (swelling, redness, pain).
Manage surgical drains as necessary.
Soft diet indicated for clients with dysphagia.
Observe for sudden return of radicular pain, indicating potential cervical spine instability post-lumbar disc surgery.

Lumbar Disc Surgery Interventions

Assess lower extremities for sensation, movement, color, temperature, and paresthesia.
Watch for urinary retention, paralytic ileus, and constipation due to reduced movement or opioid use.
Prevent constipation by encouraging high-fiber diet, increased hydration, and prescribed stool softeners.
Administer opioids/sedatives for pain and anxiety relief as needed.
Instruct on use of prescribed back brace or corset to prevent skin irritation.

Patient Positioning Post-Surgery

Clients should lie supine or follow specific activity restrictions based on the procedure.
Avoid spinal flexion and twisting; maintain spine alignment.
Minimize sitting to reduce strain on the surgical site.
Ensure pillows are placed under neck and knees when lying supine to alleviate pressure.
Avoid extreme hip flexion when in a lateral position.

Amputation of Lower Extremity

Amputation entails the surgical removal of a limb or limb part, with potential complications like hemorrhage and phantom limb sensation.
Monitor for bleeding or drainage; mark any changes on the dressing.
Phantom limb pain may occur; educate and manage pain as prescribed, considering options like mirror therapy.
Elevate the bed's foot in the first 24 hours to reduce edema, then maintain a flat position to prevent contractures.

Rehabilitation Post-Amputation

Prepare the residual limb for prosthesis; utilize elastic wraps or dressings to minimize swelling and mold the limb.
Skin care recommendations include gentle cleansing with mild soap and drying, and potentially massaging the skin toward the suture line to promote healing.
Encourage discussions about loss and provide coping mechanisms; support groups can aid adjustment.

Osteoarthritis Overview

Marked by degeneration of articular cartilage; primarily affects weight-bearing joints (hips, knees, spine).
Symptoms include pain post-activity, joint stiffness, and potential for nodules (Heberden’s/Bouchard’s).
Management includes NSAIDs, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications focusing on weight control.

Osteoporosis Facts

Characterized by low bone density, leading to an increased risk of fractures.
Commonly presents in the wrist, hips, and vertebrae, with potentially no symptoms until fractures occur.
Risk factors include age, gender, lifestyle choices, and certain medical treatments.
Intervention strategies focus on fall prevention, safe ambulation aids, and dietary recommendations rich in calcium and vitamin D.

Gout Management

Gout is caused by excess uric acid leading to joint inflammation; can have acute or chronic phases.
Symptoms include severe joint pain, swelling, and presence of tophi.
Dietary management includes a low-purine diet, high hydration, and avoidance of alcohol to prevent attacks.
During acute phases, bed rest and keeping the joint in mild flexion are recommended.

Diagnostic Procedures

Imaging studies like x-rays, MRI, or CT scans are essential for musculoskeletal assessments.
Electromyography and nerve conduction studies evaluate muscle weakness and nerve function.
Arthroscopy allows for internal joint evaluation and potential repair, contraindicated in infections or lack of mobility.

Education & Self-Care

Assist with safety assessments in the home environment to prevent falls.
Instruct on joint protection strategies, assistive devices, and energy conservation methods.
Promote emotional well-being and involvement in rehabilitation to support physical activity and health maintenance.

Anesthesia Overview

Anesthetic agents induce loss of consciousness, amnesia, and/or analgesia prior to surgery.
Types of anesthesia: general, regional, local, and moderate sedation.

Types of Anesthesia

General Anesthesia:
- Depressed CNS activity, loss of consciousness, and muscle relaxation.
- Used for major surgeries requiring complete muscle relaxation and pain control.
Regional Anesthesia:
- Blocks sensation in specific body areas (e.g., epidural, spinal).
- Effective in managing postoperative pain without affecting overall consciousness.
Local Anesthesia:
- Injection or topical application to a specific area.
- Used for minor surgical procedures; can be combined with regional anesthesia.
Moderate Sedation:
- Sedation combined with local anesthesia.
- Client remains arousable and can respond to verbal stimuli while maintaining airway patency.

Risk Factors

General Anesthesia: Malignant hyperthermia, respiratory/cardiac diseases, prior gastric issues, substance use disorders.
Local Anesthesia: Allergies to ester-type anesthetics, impaired peripheral circulation.
Older adults are more susceptible to anesthetic effects; require special care.

Administration of Anesthetics

General anesthetics can be inhaled (e.g., isoflurane, nitrous oxide) or injected (e.g., propofol, etomidate).
Propofol is commonly used for induction (not analgesic) and can be used during mechanical ventilation.
Contraindications for propofol include allergies to eggs or soybean oil.

Phases and Stages of General Anesthesia

Induction: Initiation of IV access, preoperative medications, and airway management.
Maintenance: Continuous monitoring and management during the surgical procedure.
Emergence: Completion of surgery and safe removal of airway assistive devices.
Stages:
- Stage I: Analgesia and relaxation.
- Stage II: Excitement and delirium (can be bypassed).
- Stage III: Surgical anesthesia.
- Stage IV: Toxic level leading to respiratory failure.

Patient-Centered Care and Monitoring

Ensure consent is obtained, and assess vital signs pre-surgery.
Monitor airway patency, oxygen saturation, and record lab values (ABGs, electrolytes).
Use adjunct medications to achieve desired effects like sedation and pain relief.

Complications of Anesthesia

Malignant Hyperthermia: Genetic condition triggered by certain anesthetics; manifests as high fever and muscle rigidity.
Anesthetics Toxicity: Increased risk in older adults; requires monitoring of respiratory status.
Anesthesia Awareness: Client may be aware during surgery; can be mitigated with amnesics.

Moderate Sedation Considerations

Qualified providers administer it with strict monitoring due to risks like respiratory depression.
Procedures include minor surgeries and diagnostic procedures.
Continuous assessment of consciousness, vital signs, and responding appropriately to any complications.

Postoperative Care

Monitor vital signs, consciousness, and specific discharge criteria.
Ensure the client is stable without complications such as nausea or respiratory issues before exiting care.

Medications Used

Opioids: Fentanyl, sufentanil for analgesia; may cause respiratory depression.
Benzodiazepines: Diazepam, midazolam for anxiety and sedation; can lead to cardiac complications when administered rapidly.
Antiemetics: Ondansetron and metoclopramide to reduce nausea; may cause dizziness.
Anticholinergics: Atropine to prevent bradycardia; contraindicated in glaucoma.
Neuromuscular Blockers: Succinylcholine for muscle relaxation during surgery; necessitates ventilation support due to muscle paralysis.

Summary of Surgical Procedures

Types of surgeries include curative, palliative, cosmetic, diagnostic, and more.
Classifications: emergent, urgent, elective; outpatient surgery often non-acute.
Preoperative phase includes assessing patient history, risks, and obtaining informed consent.### Surgical Goals and Safety Measures
Mark the surgical site to prevent errors.
Confirm the correct procedure on the right patient and body part.
Implement the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) to minimize surgical complications.
Use Team STEPPS to enhance communication and teamwork in surgical settings.

Risk Factors for Surgical Complications

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Increases airway obstruction and oxygen desaturation risks.
Pregnancy: Creates fetal risk during anesthesia.
Respiratory Diseases: Conditions like COPD, asthma, and pneumonia heighten risk.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Issues such as hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial infarction affect surgical risk.
Diabetes Mellitus: Can lead to infection, delayed healing, and poor circulation due to altered glucose levels.
Liver Disease: Compromises medication metabolism and raises bleeding risk.
Kidney Disease: Impairs drug elimination and increases complications.
Endocrine Disorders: Conditions like hypothyroidism or Cushing’s syndrome impact surgery.
Immune Disorders: Immunocompromised patients face higher infection risks.
Coagulation Defects: Lead to increased bleeding potential.
Malnutrition: Results in delayed wound healing.
Obesity (BMI > 30): Poses anesthesia risks and affects wound healing.
Substance Use: Tobacco and alcohol use complicate surgical procedures.
Genetic History: Malignant hyperthermia can arise in susceptible individuals.
Allergies: Allergic reactions to latex or anesthetics must be considered.
Older Adults: Exhibit age-related physiological changes that complicate surgery, including decreased function of vital organs.

Preoperative Assessment

Comprehensive medical and surgical history essential, including medication and psychosocial factors.
Allergies to foods or latex require specific attention due to potential risks.
Anxiety levels and support systems should be evaluated for patient preparation.
Baseline data: conduct a complete health assessment, including vital signs and oxygen saturation.
Identify venous thromboembolism risk based on surgery type and history.

Diagnostic Procedures Before Surgery

Urinalysis: Checks renal function and rules out infections.
Blood type and cross-matching: Important for potential transfusions.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): Monitors fluid status, anemia, and infection signs.
Pregnancy tests: Assess fetal risks associated with anesthesia.
Clotting studies: Evaluates bleeding risks.
Blood electrolyte levels and creatinine/BUN: Ensure kidney function.
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs): Assesses oxygenation.
Chest X-ray and 12-lead ECG: Provides heart and lung status baseline.

Patient-Centered Nursing Care

Verify informed consent is complete and witnessed.
Administer preoperative medications as prescribed and manage client expectations.
Ensure clients are NPO (nothing by mouth) for at least 6 hours before surgery.
Perform skin preparations to reduce infection risks, including hair removal if necessary.
Maintain normothermia by covering clients with warmed blankets preoperatively.
Establish IV access for fluid infusion and monitor patients closely.

Requires comprehensive discussion of surgery risks and benefits by the provider.
Nurse’s role: Witness the signing of consent and clarify any outstanding questions.
Consent must be voluntary, understood, and legally provided.

Client Education

Educate clients on preoperative and postoperative expectations, including medication effects.
Teach techniques for pain management and mobilization post-surgery.
Stress the importance of following medication guidelines before surgery to minimize risks.

Postoperative Complications

Common issues include respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia), circulatory (bleeding, DVT), and infection complications.
Monitor for adverse reactions to sedatives and opioids, including respiratory depression.
Maintain airway patency and assess for signs of bleeding in the recovery phase.

Risk Mitigation

Implement strategies to address immobility, anemia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, and malnutrition.
Pay special attention to older adults due to age-related vulnerabilities and physiologic changes.

PACU Assessment and Monitoring

Prioritize airway, breathing, and circulation upon client arrival.
Monitor vital signs closely, ensuring oxygen saturation remains above 95%.
Evaluate the respiratory pattern and auscultate lung sounds for complications.
Manage fluid balance and assess for any signs of bleeding or DVT.

Postoperative Responsibilities

Provide comprehensive care to postoperative patients, including pain management and vital monitoring.
Ensure safe transfer of patients from the recovery suite to their next care unit.### Preventative Measures
Employ sequential compression devices, anti-embolism stockings, and anticoagulants/antiplatelet medications to prevent thromboembolism.
Monitor ECG readings and compare apical and peripheral pulses for possible dysrhythmias indicated by pulse deficits.
Ensure fluid and electrolyte balance through regular monitoring and vital sign assessments every 15 minutes until stabilization.

Vital Signs Monitoring

Report any 25% difference from baseline blood pressure or a drop of 15-20 mm Hg in either systolic or diastolic pressure.
Evaluate and manage hypotension and its causes (e.g., anesthesia effects, cardiac depression, blood loss).
Provide heated blankets for hypothermic clients to maintain normothermia.

Positioning and Responsiveness

Elevate the head of the bed to a semi-Fowler’s position for responsive clients to aid breathing.
Maintain a lateral position for unresponsive clients to prevent aspiration.
Avoid knee gatch engagement; prioritize venous return by keeping limbs elevated when hypotension or shock occurs.

Anesthesia Responses

Monitor the level of consciousness and watch for symptoms like weakness and agitation.
Administer antiemetics for postoperative nausea after checking bowel sounds.
Place clients on their side to reduce aspiration risks.

Input and Output Management

Monitor fluid intake and output post-surgery, noting all sources including urinary output and drains.
Administer isotonic IV fluids to maintain cardiac output and fluid balance.
Urine output below 30 mL/hr may indicate hypovolemia.

Wound and Pain Management

Monitor surgical sites for drainage, assessing its nature and volume.
Administer pain medications according to recovery status, observing for side effects like respiratory depression.
Implement non-pharmacological pain management techniques such as massage or music for comfort.

Mental Status and Recovery

Regularly assess mental status and orientation; confusion may occur in older adults due to anesthesia or dehydration.
Use the Aldrete scoring system to monitor recovery from anesthesia, necessitating stable vital signs and reflexes for discharge.

Airway and Breathing Management

Use a pulse oximeter to monitor oxygen saturation and provide supplemental oxygen as needed.
Encourage coughing and deep breathing techniques to prevent complications like atelectasis.

Fluid and Nutritional Support

Postoperative patients receive prescribed IV solutions for hydration and electrolyte balance, alongside encouraging oral intake as tolerated.
Monitor bowel function and return to a regular diet as per medical advice.

Complication Awareness

Monitor for signs of airway obstruction, hypoxia, hypovolemic shock, and paralytic ileus.
Identify and address thromboembolism risks using appropriate prophylactic measures and education.

Medication Management

Utilize DMARDs, glucocorticoids, and NSAIDs for rheumatic conditions; educate on uses and side effects.
Ensure patients on methotrexate are monitored for liver and kidney dysfunction, and have CBC tests at regular intervals.

Discharge Teaching

Inform clients about medication purposes, activity restrictions, dietary guidelines, wound care, and signs of infection.
Emphasize the importance of reporting unrelieved pain or complications to healthcare providers.

Infection and Inflammation Management

Monitor wounds for signs of infection (redness, tenderness, purulent drainage) and guide appropriate wound care protocols.
Administer prophylactic antibiotics when indicated and monitor healing progress.

Nutrition and Recovery

Encourage a high-calorie, high-protein diet with vitamin C to facilitate wound healing, paying special attention to glycemic control for diabetic patients.

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Description

This quiz delves into the anatomy and physiology of the human skeleton, focusing on both the axial and appendicular portions. It covers types of bones, including spongy and compact bone, and their structural significance. Test your knowledge on the skeletal system's functionality and mobility concepts.