Human Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Functions:

• Provides support and protection for the body
• Acts as a framework for muscle attachment
• Protects internal organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Divisions:

• Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
• Appendicular Skeleton: includes the upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

Bones:

• Long Bones: have a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)
• Short Bones: cube-shaped and provide support
• Flat Bones: thin and provide protection
• Irregular Bones: complex shapes and provide support
• Sesamoid Bones: small and embedded within tendons

Bone Structure:

• Compact Bone: dense and forms the outer layer of bones
• Cancellous Bone: spongy and forms the inner layer of bones
• Bone Marrow: produces blood cells and stores fat
• Periosteum: a layer of tissue that covers the bone surface
• Endosteum: a layer of tissue that lines the bone marrow cavity

Joints:

• Synovial Joints: freely movable joints that allow for a range of motion
• Cartilaginous Joints: joints that are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement
• Fibrous Joints: joints that are connected by fibrous connective tissue and allow for little or no movement

Bone Markings:

• Bony Landmarks: prominent features on the surface of bones
• Foramina: holes or openings in bones
• Foveae: small pits or depressions in bones
• Fissures: narrow grooves or slits in bones
• Tubercles: small bony projections
• Trochanters: large bony projections

Skeletal System

Functions

• Supports and protects the body
• Serves as a framework for muscle attachment
• Protects internal organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus

Divisions

• Axial Skeleton: skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
• Appendicular Skeleton: upper and lower limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

Bone Types

• Long Bones: shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)
• Short Bones: cube-shaped for support
• Flat Bones: thin for protection
• Irregular Bones: complex shapes for support
• Sesamoid Bones: small, embedded within tendons

Bone Structure

• Compact Bone: dense outer layer
• Cancellous Bone: spongy inner layer
• Bone Marrow: produces blood cells, stores fat
• Periosteum: tissue covering bone surface
• Endosteum: tissue lining bone marrow cavity

Joints

• Synovial Joints: freely movable, allow for range of motion
• Cartilaginous Joints: connected by cartilage, limited movement
• Fibrous Joints: connected by fibrous connective tissue, little or no movement

Bone Markings

• Bony Landmarks: prominent features on bone surface
• Foramina: holes or openings in bones
• Foveae: small pits or depressions in bones
• Fissures: narrow grooves or slits in bones
• Tubercles: small bony projections
• Trochanters: large bony projections